Female Physiology

Question 1

Both of these are needed for oogenesis

Answer 1

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 2

The process of developing the ova or the female gamete

Answer 2

Oogenesis

Question 3

This is formed from the remnants of the follicle and maintains hormonal production

Answer 3

Corpus luteum

Question 4

This contains highly vascular connective tissue and ovarian follicles

Answer 4

Cortex

Question 5

This is a fluid filled cavity in the center of the follicle that is formed by the granulosa cells proliferating

Answer 5

Antrum

Question 6

A mature follicle is called

Answer 6

A dominant or Graafian follicle

Question 7

Involves ejection of the oocyte and formation of the corpus luteum from the follicle remnants

Answer 7

Ovulation

Question 8

The uterine tubes include

Answer 8

1. Fallopian tubes

2. Oviducts

Question 9

The oocyte is swept into the uterine tube by these that are fingerlike extensions at the end of the tube

Answer 9

Fimbriae

Question 10

The bent region of the Fallopian tubes

Answer 10

Ampulla

Question 11

This is the usual site of fertilization

Answer 11

Ampulla

Question 12

The uterus has 3 basic layers:

Answer 12

1. Perimetrium- outermost serous later
2. Myometeium- smooth muscle layer that is stimulated to contract during parturition
3. Endometrium- mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

Question 13

The endometrium is divided into these 2 layers:

Answer 13

1. Stratum functionalis or functional layer

2. Stratum basalis or basal layer

Question 14

Oogenesis depends upon the release of the steroid hormones

Answer 14

Estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries

Question 15

Describe the negative feedback loop for female hormones

Answer 15

The hypothalamus releases GnRH which stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary. LH acts on the theca cells stimulating them to secret androgens that are converted into estrogen by the FSH. A surge of LH leads to ovulation. FSH acts on the granulosa cells stimulating them to secrete estrogen. The corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone exerting a negative feedback signal to prevent follicles from developing.

Question 16

This hormone works with estrogen to inhibit muscle contraction of uterus

Answer 16

Progesterone

Question 17

This hormone promotes oogenesis follicle development, and stimulates growth on bone, breast tissue, fat deposition, and widening/lengthening of pelvis.

Answer 17

Estrogen

Question 18

The ovarian cycle is divided into these 3 phases:

Answer 18

1. Follicular phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal phase

Question 19

This phase in the ovarian cycle is proliferation of the follicular/granulosa that is followed by the formation of the theca and zona pelucida. Selection of the dominant follicle occurs around day 7 in which the antrum expands and the corona radiata forms. Days 1-14 of the cycle.

Answer 19

Follicular phase

Question 20

Only the dominant or Graafian follicle undergoes ovulation. Meiosis I is completed and a polar body is formed.

Answer 20

Ovulation

Question 21

Phase in the cycle day 15-28 that is after ovulation where a new gland is formed called the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum remains for about 10 days unless fertilization takes place.

Answer 21

Luteal phase

Question 22

This is inflammation of the vagina causing vaginal discharge, itching, swelling, and burning. Commonly caused by candida albicans, trigomonas vaginalis, or bacterial vaginosis

Answer 22

Vaginitis

Question 23

Inflammation of the cervix commonly caused by c. Albicans, t. Vaginalis, neisseria gonorrhea, Gardnerella vaginalis, chlamydia, and herpes.

Answer 23

Cervicitis

Question 24

Acute inflammatory response to reproductive tract. Causes include both stis and endogenous organisms.

Answer 24

Pelvic inflammmatory disease

Question 25

Caused mainly by HPV.

Answer 25

Cervical cancer

Question 26

One of the most common gynecologic cancers that affects women ages 55-65. Is strongly associated with excessive estrogen stimulation and endometrial hyperplasia. Usually presents as bleeding.

Answer 26

Endometrial (uterine) cancer

Question 27

2nd most common gynecologic cancers and carried the highest mortality of all genital cancers combined. Increases in incidence with age and is related to the length of time that the woman’s ovarian cycle has not been supressed.

Answer 27

Ovarian cancer

Question 28

Are common benign tumors in myometrium of the uterus

Answer 28

Fibroids

Question 29

Are a common cause of enlarged ovaries and often benign

Answer 29

Ovarian cysts

Question 30

Lack of menstruation due to hormonal dysfunction.

Answer 30

Amenorrhea

Question 31

Painful menstruation often caused by increased prostaglandins (stimulate smooth muscle contraction, often under progesterone control)

Answer 31

Dysmenorrhea

Question 32

Hormone that relaxes and increases flexibility of pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis

Answer 32

Relaxin

Question 33

Hormone prepares breast tissue for lactation

Answer 33

Human placental lactogen

Question 34

Hormone increases maternal metabolism during pregnancy

Answer 34

Human chorionic thyrotropjn

Question 35

Fetal development occurs

Answer 35

Cephalocaudal

Question 36

3 periods of fetal development

Answer 36

1. Preembryonic 0-2 weeks 2. Embryonic 2-8 3. Fetal development 8 weeks- birth

Question 37

The primary germ layered the fetus including the skin epidermis and nervous system

Answer 37

Ectoderm

Question 38

The primary germ layer of the fetus that includes everything else

Answer 38

Mesoderm

Question 39

The primary germ layer of the fetus including the epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems and glands

Answer 39

Endoderm

Question 40

What hormone stimulates milk letdown by contracting smooth muscle cells that are part of the alveoli in mammary tissue?

Answer 40

Oxytocin

Question 41

What hormone does that placenta release to start parturition?

Answer 41

Prostaglandins

Question 42

What hormone does the mother release to begin parturition?

Answer 42

Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland