The endocrine system Flashcards
what is the endocrine system
a system that is similar to the nervous system, but it produces and releases hormones in order to control and coordinate. The 2 systems complement each other but uses different speed. the effect of the endocrine system can last for hours, weeks or years.
endocrine gland
gland that secreates its products (hormones) directly into the blood stream
exocrine gland
gland that uses ducts to secreate their product
How do hormones work?
they alter the chemistry by their target cell and adjust the rate of reaction.
They control the rate of certain chemical reactions; aid in transporting substances through membranes; and help regulate water balance, electrolyte balance and blood balance. Endocrine hormones play also an important part in reproduction, development and growth.
the 2 types of hormones
steroid hormones
protein + amine hormones
How do steroid hormones work
they alter the cell by entering the cell through the cell membrane and attach to receptors in the nucleus. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
How do protein + amine hormones work?
They work by altering the cell by binding to receptors on the cell membrane, they trigger a secondary messenger pathway.
Hormones of the anterior pituritary gland
LH FSH Growth hormon, GH Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH
Hormones of the posterior pituritary gland
Oxytocin
ADH
Hormone of the thyroid gland
Calcitonin
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Hormones of the adrenal glands
Cortisol Epinephrine Noradrenalin Aldosterone Gonadocorticoids
Hormones of the pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatine
Cells that produce Insulin
Beta cell
Cells that produce Glucagon
Alpha cell
When is insulin stimulated
When the blood glucose level is high
When is glucagon stimulated
When the blood glucose level is low and insulin level is high
Which are the sex hormones
Estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
How travel hormones through the body?
via blood
What are hormones?
organic compounds
What are the different types of stress?
Physical stress
psychological stress
Example of physical stress?
injury, infection, lack of oxygen (nekros), heavy exercise etc.
Examples of psychological stress?
depression, anxiety, imagination or real danger, personal loss
Which system is activaten in stress?
sympathetic nervous system
Which endocrine glands are activated in stress to release hormones?
Hypothalamus -> adrenal gland
Which hormones are released by stress?
Adrenalin Cortisol ADH Glucogon Growth hormone
What is the function of FSH and LH?
trigger the sex glands to produce their hormones also to produce sperms in males and ripe egg cells in females.
What is the function of growth hormone, GH?
Promote protein manufacture, bone enlargement, and building new tissues in life.
What is the function of prolactin?
stimulate mammary glands (breasts) to produce milk
What is the function of adrenocorticotropric hormone?
Triggers the adrenals, hat above the kidney, to produce steroid hormones that control stress response and the body´s use of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals.
What is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Causes melanocytes to produce more melanin pigment (the skin gets darker)
What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
encourages the thyroid to become more active and affects metabolism.
Function of oxitocin?
Stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth and - together with prolactin from the anterior pituitary - triggers the release of milk from the mammary glands in the breasts for the baby.
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone, ADH?
Controls the amount of water removed from the blood by the nephrons in the kidneys. It also helps constrict small arteries when blood pressure falls
What is the function of T3 and T4?
help to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. They increase the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, enhance the rate of protein synthesis, and stimulate breakdown and mobilization of lipids.
What is the function of calcitonin?
plays a role in the control of blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration. It helps lower concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions by decreasing the rate at which they leave the bones and enter extracellular fluids by inhibiting the bone-destroying activity of osteoclasts. At the same time, calcitonin increases the rate at which calcium and phosphate ions are deposited in bone matrix by stimulating activity of osteoblasts. It also increases the excretion of calcium ions and phosphate by the kidneys.
What hormone is produced by the parathyroud glands? and what is its function?
parathormone (PTH), which increases the levels of calcium in the blood.
What is the function of aldosterone?
this hormone inhibits the level of sodium excreted in urine and promotes potassium loss, maintaining blood volume and pressure.
What is the function of gonardicoticoids?
sex hormones affect sperm production in males and the distribution of body hair in females, working in conjunction with ACTH.
What is the function of adrenalin and noradrenalin?
work together with the sympathetic nervous system to raise heart rate and blood pressure, trigger carbohydrates metabolism and prime the body for action. (stress hormone)
What are the cells that produce hormones in the pancreas called?
islets of Langerhans
Location of the pancreas?
posterior to the stomach and behind the parietal peritoneum (membrane)
What hormone produced thymus? and what is its function?
thymosins, that affect production and differentiation of certain white blood cells, T cells.
What is the function of melatonin?
a hormone important in body rhythms such as the sleep-wake cycle. It also influences sexual activity. Produces melatonin which regulates the onset of puberty and menstrual cycle.
What is the function of Renin?
the hormone involved in renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure.
What is the function of calcitriol or Vitamin D?
is a steroid hormone involved in calcium metabolism. It increases osteoblast production.
What is the function of erythropietin?
timulates production of red blood cells in bone marrow.
Which hormones are produced in the stomach
Gastrin Ghrelin Histamine Somatostatine neuropeptide Y
How is gastrin stimulated?
it is stimulated in the presens of food. It stimulated the produce of ither substances such as HCL.
Which hormones are produced by the placenta?
estrogen, progesterone and chorionic gonadotropins (hCG)
What is diabetes mellitus?
The body´s main energy source comes from glucose, which cells absorb from the blood with the help of insulin. In diabetes mellitus this process does not work properly, so the cells cannot take up enough glucose and too much remains in the blood. There are 2 main forms of diabetes: type 1 and 2.
What is diabetes typ 1?
It occurs when the beta cells are destroyed, so the pancreas produces too little insulin or none. It is a autoimmune disorder, which means that the immune systems misidentifies the beta cells as foreign and destroys them. It usually develops in childhood.
What is diabetes typ 2?
It is the most common form of diabetes mellitus. It develops when the body cells become resistant to the effect of insulin. Even though the body, pancreas, produces insulin but the body cells do not respond to it. It develops mostly during adulthood and is related to obesity
