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MCAT Biology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

glands

A

secrete hormones

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2
Q

hormones

A

signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to travel to a distant target tissue

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3
Q

peptide hormones

A

made up of amino acids; can not pass the cell membrane so they attach to the outside receptor (therefore it is a first messenger) and stimulates release of a second signal aka the second messenger

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4
Q

signaling cascade

A

connection between hormone at surface and the effect brought about by second messengers

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5
Q

steroid hormones

A

can easily cross the cell membrane to intracellular receptors; receptor binds directly to DNA, changing transcription of particular genes; slower but longer lived effects; not water soluble so they must be carried by proteins in the body in order to travel in blood; normally end in -one, -ol, or -oid

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6
Q

amino-acid derivative hormones

A

includes epinephrine, norepenephrine, trioodothryonine and thyroxine; normally end in -in or -ine

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7
Q

direct hormones

A

are secreted and then act directly on a target tissue

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8
Q

tropic hormones

A

require an intermediary to act

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

bridge between nervous and endocrine systems; controls pituitary gland through paracrine release of hormones into a portal system that directly connects the two organs

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10
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

Hormones released by hypothalamus and the hormones released by anterior pituitary in response

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):FSH and LH
Growth hormone releasing hormone: growth hormone
Thyroid-releasing hormone: thyroid-stimulating hormone
Corticotropin-releasing factor: adrenocorticotropic hormone

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12
Q

axes

A

three organ systems

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13
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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14
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones of the anterior pituitary that work by causing the release of another hormone at the organ level

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15
Q

direct hormones of anterior pituitary

A 
prolactin- stimulates milk production
endorphins- decrease perception of pain 
growth hormone (GH)- promotes growth of bone and muscle
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16
Q

thyroid functions

A

sets basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

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17
Q

triiodothyronine and thyroxine

A

produced by iodination of tyrosine; thyroid hormones

18
Q

hypothyroidism

A

thyroid hormones are secreted in insufficient amounts; weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance etc

19
Q

cretinism

A

low thyroid levels in children, resulting in mental retardation and developmental delay

20
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excess of thyroid hormone, may result from a timor or thyroid overstimulation; heightened activity level, increased body temp, increased respiratory and heart rate, heat intolerance and weight loss

21
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by C-cells in the thyroid; acts to decrease plasma calcium levels

22
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

serves as an antagonistic hormone to calcitonin, raising blood calcium levels; decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys, increases absorption of calcium in the gut and increases bone resorption

23
Q

vitamin D

A

required for the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the gut

24
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes corticosteroids

25
Q

glucocorticoids

A

steroid hormones that regulate glucose levels; also effect protein metabolism; cortisol and cortisone

26
Q

cortisol and cortisone

A

raise blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis; can also decrease immunologic responses

27
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

used in salt and water homeostasis; most profoundly effect the kidneys; aldosterone

28
Q

aldosterone

A

increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron

29
Q

response to decreased BP

A

juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete renin which cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I; angiotensin 1 is then converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme; angiotensin II then stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, restoring BP

30
Q

cortical sex hormones

A

androgens and estrogens

31
Q

adrenal medulla

A

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine; belong to catecholamines

32
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

alpha cells: secrete glucagon
beta cells: secrete insulin
delta cells: secrete somatostatin

33
Q

diabetes symptoms

A

polyuria and polydipsia

34
Q

Type-1 (insulin dependent) diabetes

A

caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

35
Q

Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes

A

result of receptor-level resistance to insulin

36
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibitor of boh insulin and glucagon secretion;

37
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms

38
Q

erythropoietin

A

stimulates bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells

39
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

helps regulate salt and water balance; lowers blood volume and pressure

40
Q

thymosin

A

important for proper T-cell development and differentiation

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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