Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

diploid cells (2n)

A

contain two copies of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

haploid (1n)

A

contain only one copy of each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell cycle

A

eukaryotic cell replication; G1, S, G2, M phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

interphase

A

G1, S, G2; longest part of the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

G0 stage

A

cell is simply living and serving its function, without any preparation for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chromatin

A

less condensed form of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

G1 stage

A

cells create organelle for energy and protein production while also increasing their size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

restriction point

A

governs pass from G1 into S phase; certain criteria must be met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S stage

A

cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical chromatids bound to each other after replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

centromere

A

specialized region that holds sister chromatids together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

G2 stage

A

cell passes through another quality control checkpoint; cell checks to ensure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm to divide between two daughter cells; also checks to make sure that DNA replication proceeded correctly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

M stage

A

consists of mitosis as well as cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

p53

A

main protein in control of repairing DNA at the restriction point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)

A

responsible for the control of the cell cycle; presence of the right cyclins are required to activate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

transcription factors

A

promote transcription of genes required for the next stage of the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cancer

A

result of damaged cells being allowed to undergo mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TP53

A

gene that makes p53; when this is mutated, cell cycle is not stopped to repair DNA; allows mutations to accumulate, eventually resulting in a cancerous cell that divides uncontrollable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tumor

A

result of cancerous cell undergoing rapid cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancerous cells through the blood stream or lymph systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mitosis

A

process by which two identical daughter cells are created from a single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

somatic cells

A

cells not involved in sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prophase

A
  • condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes
  • centriole pairs separate, move toward opposite sides of cell
  • spindle fibers begin to form
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • kinetechores appear at the centromere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

centrosome

A

region that contains paired cylindrical organelles called centrioles; responsible for correct division of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

spindle fibers

A

made up of microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

asters

A

anchor centrioles to cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

kinetochores

A

protein structures located on the centromeres that serve as attachment points for kinetochore fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Metaphase

A

kinetochore fibers interact with the fibers of the spindle apparatus to align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anaphase

A
  • centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere
  • sister chromatids separate, pulled toward opposite poles of the cell by shortening of kinetochore fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

telophase

A
  • spindle apparatus disappears
  • nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, nucleoli reappear
  • chromosomes uncoil, resuming chromatin form
  • Each nucleic has received a complete copy of the genome identical to the original genome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cytokinesis

A

separation of the cytoplasm and organelles so that each daughter cell has sufficient supplies to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

gametocytes (germ cells)

A

cells related to sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gametes (sex cells)

A

sperm and eggs, in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes are separated, generating haploid daughter cells; reductional division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Meiosis II

A

separation of sister chromatids; equational division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

homologous pairs

A

a pair of chromosomes, each of which contains one chromosome inherited from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Prophase I

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • spindle apparatus appears
  • nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear
  • crossing over
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

synapsis

A

process of homologous chromosomes coming together and intertwining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

tetrad

A

the result of synapsis; four sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

group of proteins holding homologous chromosomes together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

chiasma

A

point of contact between homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

crossing over

A

when chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at the chiasma, exchanging equivalent pieces of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

genetic recombination

A

happens during crossing over; increasing the variety of genetic combinations that can be produced during gametogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Mendel’s second law of independent assortment

A

explained by crossing over; states that the inheritance f one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles for other genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous pairs align at he metaphase plate, each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell; called segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Mendel’s first law of segregation

A

accounted for by disjunction during anaphase I; distribution of two intermediate daughter cells is random with respect to parental origin

48
Q

disjunction

A

each chromosome of paternal origin disjoints from its homologue of maternal origin; either can end up in either daughter cell

49
Q

telophase I

A
  • nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus

- cell divides into two (1n) daughter cells by cytokinesis

50
Q

interkinesis

A

short rest period between M1 and M2 where chromosomes partially uncoil

51
Q

prophase II

A

nuclear envelope dissipates, nucleoli disappear, centrioles migrate to opposite poles, spindle apparatus forms

52
Q

metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

53
Q

anaphase II

A

centromeres divide, separating chromosomes into two sister chromatids

54
Q

telophase II

A

nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus, followed by cytokinesis; four new daughter cells are formed

55
Q

sex

A

23rd chromosome; XX=female, XY=male

56
Q

sex-linked disorders

A

mutations to genes on X chromosome

57
Q

hemizygous

A

males are considered this with respect to many genes on the x chromosome because they only have one copy

58
Q

carriers

A

females carrying a diseased allele on the x chromosome but not exhibiting that disease

59
Q

Y chromosome

A

carries very little genetic information

60
Q

sex-determining region Y (SRY)

A

notable gene on Y chromosome which codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis/male gonads formation

61
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

sperm are produced here

62
Q

Sertoli cells

A

nourish perm

63
Q

interstitial cells (of Leydig)

A

secrete testosterone and other male hormones

64
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones

65
Q

scrotum

A

external pouch that holds the testes and hangs below the penis; maintains a temp 2-4 degrees lower than body

66
Q

vas deferens

A

can lower/raise testis to maintain proper temp for sperm development

67
Q

epididymis

A

sperm flagella gain motility here; stored here until ejaculation

68
Q

ejaculation

A

sperm travel through the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct and out the urethra

69
Q

urethra

A

two ejaculatory ducts fuse to form this

70
Q

seminal fluid

A

produced through a combined effort by the spinal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland; mixed with sperm during ejaculation

71
Q

seminal vesicles

A

contribute fructose to nourish sperm; give fluid mildly alkane properties

72
Q

prostate gland

A

give semen mildly alkane properties

73
Q

bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

A

produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

74
Q

semen

A

combination of sperm and seminal fluid

75
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of haploid sperm through meiosis

76
Q

spermatogonia

A

diploid stem cells

77
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

spermatogonia after S stage

78
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

spermatogonia after M1

79
Q

spermatids

A

spermatogonia after M2

80
Q

spermatozoa

A

spermatids undergo maturation to become these

81
Q

mature sperm

A

very compact; made up of midpiece, head, and flagellum

82
Q

sperm midpiece

A

filled with mitochondria, which generate energy to be used as the sperm swims through the female reproduction tract; generates ATP from fructose

83
Q

sperm head

A

part that actually penetrates egg

84
Q

acrosome

A

structure that covers the sperm head and is derived from the Golgi; necessary to penetrate the ovum

85
Q

ovaries

A

produce progesterone and estrogen

86
Q

follicles

A

multilayered sacs found in the ovaries that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova (eggs)

87
Q

ovulation

A

happens once per month between puberty and menopause

88
Q

peritoneal sac

A

lines the abdominal cavity; egg is ovulated into it

89
Q

fallopian tube (oviduct)

A

egg goes into this and is propelled forward by cilia

90
Q

uterus

A

muscular; site of fetal development

91
Q

cervix

A

lower end of the uterus; connects to vaginal canal

92
Q

vaginal canal

A

where sperm are deposited during intercourse

93
Q

vulva

A

external female anatomy

94
Q

oogenesis

A

production of female gametes

95
Q

primary oocytes

A

all eggs are at this stage by birth; have already undergone DNA replication; arrested in prophase I

96
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual cycle; after this, one primary oocyte will complete MI per month

97
Q

secondary oocyte

A

result of a primary oocyte undergoing MI; becomes arrested in metaphase II and does not complete meiosis II unless fertilized

98
Q

polar body

A

does not produce any viable gametes

99
Q

zona pellucida

A

surrounds oocyte itself and is an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain compounds necessary for sperm cell binding

100
Q

corona radiata

A

lies outside the zona pellucida and is a layer of cells adhered to the oocyte during ovulation

101
Q

mature ovum

A

very large; contains half of the DNA, all the cytoplasm, organelles, RNA and space for zygote

102
Q

zygote

A

result of the haploid pronuclei of the sperm and the ovum joining

103
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

repressed until puberty; when released by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary is triggered to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH); these hormones trigger production of sex hormones

104
Q

Testosterone

A

produced by the testes; increases dramatically during puberty when sperm production begins; also results in secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, arm hair, voice and growth patterns

105
Q

estrogens

A

secreted in response to FSH; result in maintenance and development of female reproductive system as well as secondary sexual characteristics such as breast growth, hip widening, changes in fat distribution; also lead to thickening of endometrium to prepare for zygote

106
Q

endometrium

A

lining of the uterus

107
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

both are controlled by anterior pituitary gland and play a role in reproductive growth and maintenance

108
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by corpus luteum in response to LH; involved in the maintenance and development of the endometrium but not the thickening;

109
Q

corpus luteum

A

remnant follicle that remains after ovulation; atrophies after the placenta begins to provide progesterone

110
Q

menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase and menstruation

111
Q

follicular phase

A

begins when the menstrual flow, which sheds the uterine lining of the previous cycle, begins; GnRH secretion raises in response to the decrease in LH and FSH; LH and FSH begin to rise, working in concert to develop several ovarian follicles; follicles begin to produce estrogen, which has negative feedback effects and causes the GnRH, LH, and FSH to level off; estrogen works to regrow the endometrial lining

112
Q

ovulation

A

estrogen interestingly grows to a high level and reaches a threshold, resulting in positive feedback, causing GnRH, LH and FSH levels to spike; surge in LH causes ovulation, the release of the ovum

113
Q

luteal phase

A

after ovulation, LH causes ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone; progesterone begins to rise and estrogen remains high; GnRH, FSH and LH are again repressed

114
Q

menstruation

A

assuming implantation doesnt occur, the corpus luteum loses its stimulation from LH, progesterone levels decline and uterine lining is sloughed off; next cycle begins

115
Q

pregnancy

A

zygote develops into blastocyte, implants into uterine lining and secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

116
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

analog of LH; maintains the corpus luteum so it can produce estrogen and progesterone to keep uterine lining in place; by 2nd trimester, hCG levels decline because the placenta has grown to a sufficient size and can secrete progesterone/estrogen by itself

117
Q

menopause

A

ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH, resulting in ovarian atrophy; menstruation stops; blood levels of FSH and LH rise, accompanied with flushing, hot flashes, bloating, headaches and irritability; usually between 45-55 yrs

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions