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MCAT Biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory

A
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • the cell is the basic functional unit of life
  • cells arise only from cells
  • cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA that is passed onto daughter cells
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2
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

contain true nucleus

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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

do not contain a nucleus

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4
Q

cytosol

A

allows for diffusion of molecules throughout cell

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5
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material

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6
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

genetic material, organized into chromosomes

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7
Q

mitosis

A

replication of eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

nuclear membrane/envelope

A

double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from cytoplasm

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9
Q

nuclear pores

A

allow selective two-way exchange of material

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10
Q

genes

A

coding regions of DNA

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11
Q

histones

A

organizing proteins around which DNA is wound

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12
Q

chromosomes

A

linear strands of DNA

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13
Q

nucleolus

A

subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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14
Q

mitochondria

A

are the power house of the cell

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15
Q

outer membrane of mitochondria

A

serves as barrier

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16
Q

cristae

A

numerous foldings in the inner membrane of mitochondrion

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17
Q

inter-membrane space

A

space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

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18
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

space inside inner membrane

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19
Q

cytoplasmic (extranuclear) inheritance

A

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus (ex. mitochondria)

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20
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death; kick-started by release of enzymes from mitochondria

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21
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates

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22
Q

endosomes

A

transport, package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane

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23
Q

autolysis

A

release of enzymes from lysosomes that trigger apoptosis

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24
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

series of interconnected membranes continuous with nuclear envelope

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25
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

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26
Q

smooth ER

A

utilized for lipid synthesis and detoxification

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27
Q

golgi apparatus

A

consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs; functions to modify and transport cellular products

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28
Q

exocytosis

A

secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and its contents are released outside

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29
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide; breakdown of chain fatty acids through beta oxidation

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30
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides structure and shape to cell

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31
Q

microfilaments

A

made up of actin filaments

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32
Q

actin filaments

A

resistant to compression and fracture; provide protection

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33
Q

actin and myosin

A

work together to contract muscle

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34
Q

cleavage furrow

A

formed from microfilaments; separates two new daughter cells

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35
Q

microtubules

A

made up of tubulin; radiate throughout cell providing primary pathway for motor proteins

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36
Q

cilia

A

made of microtubules; help to move materials along surface of cell

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37
Q

flagella

A

also made of microtubules; involved in movement of cell itself

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38
Q

9+2 structure

A

structure of eukaryotic flagella and cilia; 9 doublets with 2 microtubules

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39
Q

centrioles

A

organizing centers for microtubules found in the centrosome; organize mitotic spindle

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40
Q

kinetechores

A

complexes on chromosomes to which centrioles attach

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41
Q

intermediate filaments

A

diverse group of filamentous proteins; keratin, destine, vementin and laming; involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the cytoskeleton; anchor organelles

42
Q

epithelial tissues

A

cover body and line its cavities

43
Q

basement membrane of epithelial tissue

A

bind cells together tightly to maintain a cohesive unit

44
Q

parenchyma

A

functional parts of the organ

45
Q

simple epithelia

A

one layer of cells

46
Q

stratified epithelia

A

multiple layers of cells

47
Q

pseudostratified epithelia

A

only one layer of cells but appears to have multiple because of differences in cell height

48
Q

cuboidal

A

cube-shaped cells

49
Q

columnar

A

long and thin cells

50
Q

squamous

A

flat, scale-like cells

51
Q

connective tissue

A

supports body and organs

52
Q

stroma

A

supportive structures for organs

53
Q

extracellular matrix

A

collagen and elastin

54
Q

nucleoid region

A

area of a prokaryotic cell in which DNA is concentrated

55
Q

archaea

A

single-celled organisms visually similar to bacteria but functionally similar to eukaryotes

56
Q

extremophiles

A

coming found in harsh environments

57
Q

mutualistic symbiotes

A

both host and bacteria benefit

58
Q

pathogens/parasites

A

do not benefit host, cause disease

59
Q

cocci

A

spherical bacteria

60
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

61
Q

spirilli

A

spiral-shaped bacteria

62
Q

obligate aerobes

A

need O2 for metabolism

63
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

can not survive in environments with O2

64
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can use O2 for metabolism or can use other mechanisms in non-O2 environments

65
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

unable to use O2 for metabolism but are not harmed by its presence

66
Q

cell wall

A

outer barrier of prokaryotic cell

67
Q

cell envelope

A

cell membrane + cell wall

68
Q

gram positive cell wall

A

cell envelope absorbs crystal violet stain, appears purple; consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

69
Q

gram negative cell wall

A

cell envelope absorbs safranin counterstain, appears red; contain small amounts of peptidoglycan; contains outermembranes with lipopolysaccharides that cause inflammatory response in humans

70
Q

chemotaxis

A

ability of a cell to detect a chemical and move toward/away from it

71
Q

flagella filament

A

hollow, helical structure composed of flagellin

72
Q

flagella basal body

A

complex structure that anchors flagellum to membrane; also serves as motor

73
Q

flagella hook

A

connects the filament and the basal body

74
Q

plasmid

A

extrachromosomal DNA that is not necessary for survival

75
Q

binary fission

A

simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes

76
Q

virulence factors

A

traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is

77
Q

episomes

A

subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of a bacterium

78
Q

transformation

A

integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

79
Q

conjugation

A

bacterial form of mating; unidirectional from donor male (+) to recipient female (-)

80
Q

conjugation bridge + sex pili

A

sex pili make a bridge to facilitate conjugation between two cells

81
Q

sex factors

A

contain genes necessary for conjugation; F (fertility) factor is one of these

82
Q

Hfr (high frequency of recombination)

A

cells that have had the F factor integrated into their host genome

83
Q

transduction

A

genetic recombination that requires a vector

84
Q

vector

A

virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another

85
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

86
Q

transposons

A

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the host genome

87
Q

growth of a bacteria

A
  • lag phase
  • exponential(log) phase
  • stationary phase
  • death phase
88
Q

capsid

A

protein coat of a virus

89
Q

virions

A

viral progeny that are released to infect additional cells

90
Q

virus tail sheath

A

acts like a syringe to insert genetic material into a bacterium

91
Q

virus tail fibers

A

help bacteriophage to recognize and connect to correct host cell

92
Q

positive sense RNA virus

A

genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by ribosomes of host cell

93
Q

negative-sense RNA virus

A

require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to their strand, which can then be used as a template by the host cells

94
Q

RNA replicase

A

carried by negative-sense RNA viruses to synthesize a complementary strand

95
Q

retrovirus

A

single-stranded RNA viruses that can synthesize DNA to be directly put into host genome; can lie dormant indefinitely and the only way to kill their DNA is to kill the host

96
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

used by retroviruses to synthesize their DNA

97
Q

extrusion

A

process by which viral progeny leaves a cell and takes part of the host plasma membrane

98
Q

lytic cycle

A

bacteriophage use max use of the cell’s machinery; eventually host cell lyses and virions attack new cells; virulent

99
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

virus enters the host genome as a provirus or prophage; certain environmental factors will prompt the provirus to leave the genome and return to the lytic cycle at some point

100
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins; cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins

101
Q

viriods

A

small pathogens consisting of very short circular RNA that infects plants; silence genes in plant genome

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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