The Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three types of endocrine disease?

A

Over production
Underproduction
Mass lesions

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1
Q

Describe what happens during negative feedback of hormones?

A

Stimulus - gland - hormone - blood - hormone - target cells

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2
Q

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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3
Q

Which 6 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone, lutenising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocortitrophic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone.

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4
Q

What diseases of the pituitary can you get?

A

Adenomas - hyper
Injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation - hypo
Local mass effect - compression of optic chasm

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?

A

Adenoma

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6
Q

What are the two types of pituitary adenomas?

A

Functional - secretes prolactin

Non functional - grows but no hormone

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7
Q

How big are macro adenomas?

A

> 1cm in diameter

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8
Q

Which five hormones can be produced by pituitary adenomas?

A

Prolactin, growth hormone, FSH/LH, TSH, ACTH.

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9
Q

What causes excess growth?

A

Acromelagy

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10
Q

When does hypopituitarism occur?

A

With loss of 75% or more of the anterior pituitary parenchyma.

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11
Q

Give four causes of hypo pituruitarism

A

Ischaemic necrosis of the pituitary - sheehans syndrome. (After pregnancy, bleed, hypotension.)
Non functioning adenomas
Surgery or irradiation
Inflammatory lesions

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12
Q

Describe the thyroid system

A

Hypothalamus - TRH
Anterior pituitary - TSH
Thyroid gland - T3 and T4
Negative feedback

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13
Q

List five causes of hyperthyroidism

A
Graves' disease
Over treatment by thyroxine
Infective - de Quervains thyroiditis
Toxic multinodular goitre
Toxic adenoma
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14
Q

How would you test for hyperthyroidism?

A

Thyroid function test

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15
Q

How would you treat hyperthyroidism?

A

Carbimazole/propylthiouracil with thyroxine
Radioactive iodine
Thyroidectomy
Treat the cause

16
Q

What is a complication of hyper and hypothyroidism?

A

Goitre

17
Q

Give five causes of hypothyroidism

A
Iodine deficiency
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Latrogenic - surgery, radiation
Pituitary defects
Congenital
18
Q

How would you manage hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroxine

19
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary carcinoma

20
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone control?

A

Calcium absorption

21
Q

What are three causes of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy
Congenital
Hereditary (autoimmune)

22
Q

What are symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Muscle contractions
Irritability
Tetany
Seizures

23
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A
Constipation 
Dizziness
Seizures
Depression
Muscle wasting 
Polyuria
Bone fractures 
Kidney stones
24
Q

What are the causes of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Primary - adenoma
Secondary - chronic renal failure
Tertiary - after renal transplant

25
Q

Describe the train of hormones secreted from the adrenal glands

A
Hypothalamus - CRH
Anterior pituitary - ACTH
Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - testosterone, oestrogen
26
Q

What causes hyperaldosteronism?

A

Primary - conn’s disease

Secondary - due to high renin

27
Q

What are the symptoms of conn’s disease?

A

Oedema
Hypertension
High sodium
Low potassium

28
Q

What are four purposes of cortisol?

A

Essential to life
Emulates blood sugar
Inhibits inflammation
Stress response

29
Q

What is it called when you have an excess release of cortisol?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

30
Q

When are your levels of cortisol lowest?

A

In the morning

31
Q

What two things can cause Cushing’s syndrome?

A

ACTH releasing tumour - pituitary/lung

Steroids

32
Q

What three things can cause Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune
Infection
Neoplasms

33
Q

What are 4 symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A

GI - vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, anorexia
Weight loss
Hyperpigmentation
Low sodium, high potassium

34
Q

What is the name of a tumour of the adrenal medulla?

A

Phaeochromocytoma

35
Q

What are the symptoms of a phaemochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension, sweating, palpitations, nervousness, increased metabolic ratio, rapid heart rate.

36
Q

What is multiple endocrine neoplasia?

A

Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs