Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Where is insulin produced?
In the beta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas
What is diabetes mellitus?
Deficiency of insulin and resistance to the effects of insulin
What does insulin do?
Travels in the blood stream and binds to cell membrane receptors of target cells. Regulates glucose uptake and metabolism.
Skeletal muscles and fat cells require insulin to absorb what?
Glucose
What does not require insulin to absorb glucose?
Neurons and a variety of other cells.
What can hypo symptoms seem like?
Drunkness
What happens when someone is hypoglycaemic?
Over dose of insulin can cause loss of neurones if hypo for long time which can lead to brain damage etc..
What are the 5 actions of insulin?
Uptake of glucose by cells.
Uptake of amino acids by cells.
Increased glycogen synthesis.
Increased synthesis and storage of fatty acids.
Decreased lipolysis, proteinolysis and gluconeogenesis.
The feedback to control insulin release is mainly?
Direct feedback
What transporter do beta cells absorb glucose via?
GLUT2
Where else is insulin released?
By cholecystokinin derived from enteroendecrine cells of intestinal mucosa - food into small intestine, releases hormones.
What are four acute consequences of insulin deficiency?
Hyperglycaemia
Ketosis
Acidosis
Hyperosmolar state - draws fluid from other tissues.
Give four chronic consequences of insulin deficiency
Cardiovascular disease
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Retinopathy
What are the four types of diabetes mellitus?
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
Secondary
How does diabetes mellitus type 1 develop?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, probably triggered by viral infections - coxsackie or rubella viruses.