Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

0
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

In the beta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Deficiency of insulin and resistance to the effects of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Travels in the blood stream and binds to cell membrane receptors of target cells. Regulates glucose uptake and metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skeletal muscles and fat cells require insulin to absorb what?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does not require insulin to absorb glucose?

A

Neurons and a variety of other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can hypo symptoms seem like?

A

Drunkness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens when someone is hypoglycaemic?

A

Over dose of insulin can cause loss of neurones if hypo for long time which can lead to brain damage etc..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 5 actions of insulin?

A

Uptake of glucose by cells.
Uptake of amino acids by cells.
Increased glycogen synthesis.
Increased synthesis and storage of fatty acids.
Decreased lipolysis, proteinolysis and gluconeogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The feedback to control insulin release is mainly?

A

Direct feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What transporter do beta cells absorb glucose via?

A

GLUT2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where else is insulin released?

A

By cholecystokinin derived from enteroendecrine cells of intestinal mucosa - food into small intestine, releases hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are four acute consequences of insulin deficiency?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Ketosis
Acidosis
Hyperosmolar state - draws fluid from other tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give four chronic consequences of insulin deficiency

A

Cardiovascular disease
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four types of diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does diabetes mellitus type 1 develop?

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, probably triggered by viral infections - coxsackie or rubella viruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1 susceptibility is dependent on what gene subtypes?

A

HLA - DR3, DR4

16
Q

What does diabetes mellitus type 2 have a strong association with?

A

Lifestyle

17
Q

What are 6 risk factors of gestational diabetes?

A
Age
Family history 
African or North American 
Previous gestational diabetes
Previous baby over 4kg
Smoking
18
Q

What are four dangers of gestational diabetes for the mother?

A

Greater risk of type 2 diabetes later in life
Hypertension
Pre-eclampsia or eclampsia
Obstructed labour

19
Q

What are six dangers of gestational diabetes for the child?

A
Risk of type 2 diabetes later in life
Risk of obesity later in life 
Macrosomia
Neonatal hypoglycaemia 
Neonatal jaundice 
Respiratory disease syndrome
20
Q

What 6 things can cause secondary diabetes mellitus?

A
Endocrine disease eg cushings syndrome
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic surgery 
Cystic fibrosis 
Haemachromatosis
Drug therapy eg high dose steroids
21
Q

What are 4 classical symptoms of diabetes type 1?

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Hunger
Weight loss

22
Q

What is the criteria for diagnoses of diabetes type 1?

A

Fasting glucose above 7
Glucose at or above 11.1 2 hours after 75g glucose load
Glucose level at or above 11.1 taken randomly

23
Q

Why does ketoacidosis happen?

A

Rapid break down of fat and protein releases ketones and acids into blood stream.

24
Q

Give four acute presentations of diabetes mellitus?

A

Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar nonketotic state
Hypoglycaemia
Diabetic foot

25
Q

Give three macrovascular chronic presentations of diabetes mellitus

A

Ischaemic heart disease
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease

26
Q

Give 3 micro vascular chronic presentations of diabetes mellitus

A

Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy

27
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A

Proliferation of blood vessels in the retina causing retinal haemorrhages and oedema.

28
Q

What is diabetic neuropathy?

A
Damage to nerves in blood supply.
Peripheral weakness and tingling
Occasional neuropathic pain
Muscle weakness
Autonomic neuropathy
29
Q

Which three infections are a big risk for those with diabetes mellitus?

A

Post op infections
Rectal abscess
Pyelonephritis