Immunity And Disease Flashcards
What is immunity?
He ability of an organ to resist attack
Give four reasons why you need to know about immunity and disease
Affects all patients
Infections common
Some patients more susceptible to infection eg chemo, bone marrow
Some medical conditions caused by immune system
What things make up the innate immune response?
Skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) inflammation, fever.
What things make up the Adaptive immune response?
Cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity
Non specific defences are designed to prevent infections by what?
Viruses and bacteria
What includes non specific defences
Intact skin
Mucus and cilia
What three defensive mechanisms does skin have?
Outer layer of keratin
Dead skin class constantly sloughed off
Sweat and oils contain anti-microbial chemicals
Where would you find mucous membranes?
Respiratory tract and vagina
How does mucus work?
Washes bacteria and viruses off of mucus membranes
Where would you find cilia?
Respiratory tract
Where would you find acid?
Stomach and vagina
Where would you find enzymes?
Saliva and eye
What are the two types of protein?
Complement and interferons
What does complement work with?
Other defence mechanisms of the body
What do interferons inhibit?
The replication of many viruses
Name 3 granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
What do granulocytes do?
Remove dead cells and micro organisms
What are granulocytes attracted by?
An inflammatory response of damaged cells
Monocytes are a precursor to…
Macrophages
What lives longer macrophages or granulocytes?
Macrophages
How are macrophages different to granulocytes?
Attracted by different stimuli and usually arrive at sites later than granulocytes
What do macrophages release?
Protein signals - interleukin 1 and 6
Give three non specific immune responses to infection
Fever - stop bacteria growing
Pain, swelling, redness - increase capillary permeability, promoting blood flow, more phagocytic cells.
Acute phase proteins released from liver - bind to bacteria and activate complement proteins.
What does specific/adaptive immunity rely on?
Antigens
How can lymphocytes travel around the body?
Blood or lymph approx 1% blood rest in lymph
Approx how many lymphocytes are there in the human body
2x10^12 lymphocytes in human body
Where are lymphocytes all produced?
In the bone marrow
Where do B cells mature and then concentrate?
Mature in bone marrow and then concentrate in the lymph nodes
Where do T cells mature?
In the thymus
What do B cells secrete?
Antibodies
What type of immunity do B cells provide?
Humoral immunity
What do B cells recognise?
Pathogens outside cells
What do T cells recognise?
Don’t recognise free antigen only recognise major histocompatability complex class 1 or 2
What type of immunity do T cells provide?
Cell mediated immunity
What do T cells directly attack?
Invaders
What do T cells recognise?
Pathogens that have enters cells
Which cells do T cells help?
B cells
Which T cells attack?
Cytotoxic, CD8+ and MHC I
Which T cells help?
Helper cells, CD4+, MHC I
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
Seek out and destroy any antigens in the system, destroy microbes ‘tagged’ by antibodies.
What can some cytotoxic T cells recognise and destroy?
Cancer cells
What do helper T cells do?
Stimulate B cells
Activate cytotoxic cells and macrophages to attack infected cells
What is an epitope?
Fragment of antigen
How do T cells recognise an invader?
Detect antigen - protein marker on cell surface
What do CD4+ cells release when stimulated?
Cytokines to stimulate B cell division
Which cells does HIV destroy
Helper T cells
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies
Give 4 examples of when an immune system might be deficient
Chemo/drugs
HIV
Splenectomy
Bone Marrow dysfunction
Give 3 examples of when an immune system might be hyperactive
Allergy
Auto-immunity
Overreaction to pathogen
What are the 3 stages of progression of HIV/AIDS
Infection, Latency, AIDS
How many types of hypersensitivity are there?
4
Give examples of a type 1 anaphylaxis/allergy?
Asthma, hay fever, peanut allergy, systemic inflammatory response syndrome - over reaction to pathogen
What is autoimmunity?
Failure to recognise own organisms - response attack on self
Give 4 autoimmune diseases
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Coeliac disease
Multiple sclerosis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
When might the immune system become suppressed?
Organ transplant
Cancer
Give in example of active immunity
Vaccination
The success of vaccination depends on what?
Herd immunity
What happens during vaccination?
Stimulate own immune system to elicit adaptive immune response and prevent future infection.
Give 4 different vaccination types and an example of each
Live - MMR
Inactivated - hep b
Toxoid - diphtheria
Conjugated - pneumococcal
