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Pathology > Immunity And Disease > Flashcards

Immunity And Disease Flashcards

0
Q

What is immunity?

A

He ability of an organ to resist attack

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1
Q

Give four reasons why you need to know about immunity and disease

A

Affects all patients
Infections common
Some patients more susceptible to infection eg chemo, bone marrow
Some medical conditions caused by immune system

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2
Q

What things make up the innate immune response?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) inflammation, fever.

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3
Q

What things make up the Adaptive immune response?

A

Cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity

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4
Q

Non specific defences are designed to prevent infections by what?

A

Viruses and bacteria

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5
Q

What includes non specific defences

A

Intact skin

Mucus and cilia

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6
Q

What three defensive mechanisms does skin have?

A

Outer layer of keratin
Dead skin class constantly sloughed off
Sweat and oils contain anti-microbial chemicals

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7
Q

Where would you find mucous membranes?

A

Respiratory tract and vagina

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8
Q

How does mucus work?

A

Washes bacteria and viruses off of mucus membranes

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9
Q

Where would you find cilia?

A

Respiratory tract

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10
Q

Where would you find acid?

A

Stomach and vagina

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11
Q

Where would you find enzymes?

A

Saliva and eye

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12
Q

What are the two types of protein?

A

Complement and interferons

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13
Q

What does complement work with?

A

Other defence mechanisms of the body

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14
Q

What do interferons inhibit?

A

The replication of many viruses

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15
Q

Name 3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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16
Q

What do granulocytes do?

A

Remove dead cells and micro organisms

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17
Q

What are granulocytes attracted by?

A

An inflammatory response of damaged cells

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18
Q

Monocytes are a precursor to…

A

Macrophages

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19
Q

What lives longer macrophages or granulocytes?

A

Macrophages

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20
Q

How are macrophages different to granulocytes?

A

Attracted by different stimuli and usually arrive at sites later than granulocytes

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21
Q

What do macrophages release?

A

Protein signals - interleukin 1 and 6

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22
Q

Give three non specific immune responses to infection

A

Fever - stop bacteria growing
Pain, swelling, redness - increase capillary permeability, promoting blood flow, more phagocytic cells.
Acute phase proteins released from liver - bind to bacteria and activate complement proteins.

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23
Q

What does specific/adaptive immunity rely on?

A

Antigens

24
Q

How can lymphocytes travel around the body?

A

Blood or lymph approx 1% blood rest in lymph

25
Q

Approx how many lymphocytes are there in the human body

A

2x10^12 lymphocytes in human body

26
Q

Where are lymphocytes all produced?

A

In the bone marrow

27
Q

Where do B cells mature and then concentrate?

A

Mature in bone marrow and then concentrate in the lymph nodes

28
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the thymus

29
Q

What do B cells secrete?

A

Antibodies

30
Q

What type of immunity do B cells provide?

A

Humoral immunity

31
Q

What do B cells recognise?

A

Pathogens outside cells

32
Q

What do T cells recognise?

A

Don’t recognise free antigen only recognise major histocompatability complex class 1 or 2

33
Q

What type of immunity do T cells provide?

A

Cell mediated immunity

34
Q

What do T cells directly attack?

A

Invaders

35
Q

What do T cells recognise?

A

Pathogens that have enters cells

36
Q

Which cells do T cells help?

A

B cells

37
Q

Which T cells attack?

A

Cytotoxic, CD8+ and MHC I

38
Q

Which T cells help?

A

Helper cells, CD4+, MHC I

39
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Seek out and destroy any antigens in the system, destroy microbes ‘tagged’ by antibodies.

40
Q

What can some cytotoxic T cells recognise and destroy?

A

Cancer cells

41
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Stimulate B cells

Activate cytotoxic cells and macrophages to attack infected cells

42
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Fragment of antigen

43
Q

How do T cells recognise an invader?

A

Detect antigen - protein marker on cell surface

44
Q

What do CD4+ cells release when stimulated?

A

Cytokines to stimulate B cell division

45
Q

Which cells does HIV destroy

A

Helper T cells

46
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Antibodies

47
Q

Give 4 examples of when an immune system might be deficient

A

Chemo/drugs
HIV
Splenectomy
Bone Marrow dysfunction

48
Q

Give 3 examples of when an immune system might be hyperactive

A

Allergy
Auto-immunity
Overreaction to pathogen

49
Q

What are the 3 stages of progression of HIV/AIDS

A

Infection, Latency, AIDS

50
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity are there?

A

4

51
Q

Give examples of a type 1 anaphylaxis/allergy?

A

Asthma, hay fever, peanut allergy, systemic inflammatory response syndrome - over reaction to pathogen

52
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Failure to recognise own organisms - response attack on self

53
Q

Give 4 autoimmune diseases

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Coeliac disease
Multiple sclerosis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

54
Q

When might the immune system become suppressed?

A

Organ transplant

Cancer

55
Q

Give in example of active immunity

A

Vaccination

56
Q

The success of vaccination depends on what?

A

Herd immunity

57
Q

What happens during vaccination?

A

Stimulate own immune system to elicit adaptive immune response and prevent future infection.

58
Q

Give 4 different vaccination types and an example of each

A

Live - MMR
Inactivated - hep b
Toxoid - diphtheria
Conjugated - pneumococcal

Pathology (7 decks)

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