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Human Physiology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define exocrine gland.

A

An exocrine gland secretes into the ducts and onto the surface or lumen. They act locally.

Examples are sweat glands gastric glands .

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2
Q

Define endocrine gland.

A

An endocrine gland has no duct and it secretes hormones into the bloodstream. Act at a distance.

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3
Q

What hormones play role in endocrine function of reproduction, metabolic rate, and growth.

A

Reproduction - oestrogen and testosterone.

Metabolic rate - thyroid

Growth - growth hormone

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4
Q

What hormones play role in the endocrine function of stress response, immune system, and blood pressure.

A

Stress response - adrenaline or cortisol

Immune system - cortisol

Blood pressure - Anti-diuretic hormone or aldosterone.

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5
Q

What hormones play role in the endocrine function of the digestive processes, blood glucose levels, blood calcium levels and the sodium/potassium balance.

A

Digestive processes - gastrin, CCK, secretin

Blood glucose levels - insulin and glucagon

Blood calcium levels - calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

Sodium/potassium balance - Aldosterone

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6
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine system and how they work closely together.

A

Nervous system - releases neurotransmitters at synapses.

Endocrine system - releases hormones into the bloodstream.

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7
Q

Compare the nervous system and endocrine system on how fast they respond.

A

Nervous system - fast responding (m sec), but short acting.

Endocrine system - slower response (sec, min, hour), but longer lasting.

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8
Q

Which neurons secrete hormones?

A

Neurohormones - hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla.

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9
Q

Why do hormones only affect some cells when all cells are exposed to hormones in the blood?

A

Hormones, bind to specific receptors on specific target cells.

The number of receptors can increase or decrease .

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10
Q

What are the two groups of hormones?

A
  1. Water soluble (mostly proteins) -hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, GIT hormones, insulin, adrenaline, etc.
  2. Lipid soluble (steroids) - sex hormones: oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
    Cortisol, aldosterone and thyroid hormones.
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11
Q

What is the action of water soluble hormones?

A
  1. The hormone binds to the receptor (on cell membrane) which is the first messenger.
  2. ATP is converted to cAMP (second messenger)
  3. cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate certain enzymes.
  4. Activate activated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological response.
  5. cAMP is inactivated.
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12
Q

What is the action of lipid soluble hormones?

A
  1. Lipid soluble hormone diffuses into the cell.
  2. Activated receptor (inside cell) hormone complex alters gene expression.
  3. Newly formed mRNA direct synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes.
  4. New proteins alters cells activity.
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13
Q

What is the pituitary and how many parts does it made up of?

A

The pituitary produces many hormones which control other glands.
There are two parts of the pituitary:
1. The smaller posterior picture (30%)
2. The larger anterior pituitary (70%)

The pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus .

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14
Q

What is the posterior pituitary made of?

A

The posterior pituitary is made of nervous tissues. It stores and releases two hormones (made in hypothalmus):

  1. Oxytocin.
  2. Antidiuretic hormone.
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15
Q

What’s the role of oxytocin?

A

It stimulates uterine contractions in labour and milk ejection in lactating mothers.

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16
Q

What is the role of ADH?

A

It acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption into the blood - decreases urine output.

17
Q

What control is the posterior pituitary under?

A

It’s under nervous control.

The nerve impulses > hypothalamus > posterior pituitary = hormones being released into the blood

18
Q

Explain the role of ADH.

A
  1. Stimulated by dehydration.
  2. Increased water reabsorption by kidneys.
  3. Decrease in sweat production.
  4. Constricts arterials if severe blood loss (increases blood pressure)
19
Q

What role does alcohol play on ADH?

A

Alcohol inhibits ADH.
This results in large volume of urine excretion, resulting in dehydration.

20
Q

What is the role of diabetes insipidus on ADH?

A

Results in a lack of ADH. Excreting large volumes of urine resulting in dehydration.

21
Q

What control is the anterior pituitary under?

A

It’s under hormonal control by the hypothalamus. The hormones are carried from the hypothalamus via the blood vessels to specific target cells in the anterior pituitary.

22
Q

What are the six anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH) -for bones and muscles
  2. Prolactin (PRL) -mammary glands
  3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Luteinising hormone (LH)
  5. Thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
23
Q

How is hormone secretion regulated?

A

It’s regulated by:
1. Signals from the nervous system.
2. Chemical changes in the blood.
3. Other hormones.

They all use negative feedback to prevent over and under secretion of hormones

24
Q

What does the thyroid control?

A

Metabolic rate

25
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
26
Q

Explain the negative feedback of thyroid hormone.

A
  1. Low blood level of thyroid hormones or low metabolic rate stimulates release of TRH.
  2. TRH is carried to the anterior pituitary which stimulates the release of TSH.
  3. TSH releases into the blood stimulating thyroid follicular cells.
  4. Thyroid hormones released into blood by follicular cells.
  5. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones inhibits the release of TRH and TSH.
27
Q

Explain negative feedback of blood glucose when eating.

A
  1. Eating
  2. Increasing blood glucose.
  3. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans (beta cells)
  4. Increase an insulin.
  5. increase in cellular uptake of glucose.
  6. Decrease in blood glucose.
28
Q

Explain, explain the negative feedback of blood glucose whilst fasting.

A
  1. Fasting.
  2. Decrease in blood glucose.
  3. Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells)
  4. Decrease an insulin.
  5. Increase in glucagon.
  6. Decreased in the cellular uptake of glucose.
  7. Increase of glucose secretion into the blood by the liver in the form of glycogen.
  8. Increased Blood glucose.
29
Q

How many adrenal glands do we have?

A

Two glands located at the top of each kidney.

30
Q

What are the main functions of the outer cortex?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone: controls electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
  2. Glucocorticoids - cortisol: long-term stress response and controls metabolism.
31
Q

What does the inner medulla control?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline (fight or flight stress response)

32
Q

What is a cause of endocrine disorders?

A
  1. Too much hormone - usually hypothalamic or pituitary tumour
  2. Too little hormone - reduce sensitivity of target cells to hormone. An example is insulin resistance in type two diabetes mellitus.
33
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Decreases BMR.
  2. Weight gain.
  3. Feeling cold and tired.
  4. Slow heart rate.
34
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Increase in BMR.
  2. Weight loss.
  3. Fast heart rate.
  4. Anxiety and shaking hands.
35
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism?

A

It happens in infants and children.

In a newborn, it can be caused by the absence or lack of development of the thyroid gland

All babies are screened after birth by blood spot tests. Left untreated it can result in physical and developmental delay.

Therapy using thyroxine leads to a good outcome .

36
Q

What is iodine deficiency disorders?

A

Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormone.

Lack of iodine in diet > low thyroid hormone production > hypothyroidism

37
Q

What can IDD lead to?

A

Effects on child cognitive development - not a major problem in the UK but adequate iodine levels are required in pregnancy.

38
Q

What is endemic IDD?

A

The fetus relies on the mother thyroid hormones so the diet must include plenty of iodine. If not, it could result in neurological damage, intellectual disability, hearing impairments and reduced physical growth.

In severe maternal iodine deficiency, it can cause stillbirths and neonatal death .

39
Q

What autoimmune disorder causes hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis - where antibodies attack > decreasing thyroid hormone > can be treated with replacement T4.

Following surgery or radiotherapy for overactive thyroid

It’s a disorder of the pituitary .

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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