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Human Physiology > Autonomic System > Flashcards

Autonomic System Flashcards

1
Q

What two systems is the nervous systems split into?

A

Autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

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2
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. The reflex control of smooth and cardiac muscle.
  2. The unconscious regulation of the bodies internal environment.
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3
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system operate?

A

It operates through a reflex arc.

Input - Central Relay - Output

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4
Q

Name four of the autonomic nervous systems inputs.

A
  1. Temperature receptors.
  2. Pain receptors.
  3. Chemo receptors.
  4. Blood pressure receptors (baroreceptors)
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5
Q

Where are the input receptors found?

A

Heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, gut, bladder, etc.

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A
  1. The sympathetic nervous system.
  2. The parasympathetic nervous system.
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7
Q

Where do the outputs for the autonomic nervous system lead to?

A

Autonomic nerve fibres.

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8
Q

Where in the spine does a sympathetic division nerve fibre leave from?

A

The thoracolumbar sympathetic division. These are the thoracic and lumbar segmental levels.

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9
Q

Where in the spine does the parasympathetic division nerve fibre leave from?

A

The craniosacral division. This means that the nurse fibrous lead the spinal cord at the cranial and sacral segmental levels.

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10
Q

Both divisions of the ANS supply the same organs what is this known as?

A

Dual innervation

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11
Q

How many neurone output pathways do both systems have?

A

Two

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12
Q

What is the layout of the neurone pathway?

A

Spinal cord, autonomic ganglion, target organ.

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13
Q

What is the autonomic ganglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the autonomic system where the synapses between the two neurones occur.

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14
Q

What are the lengths of the sympathetic ganglionic nerve fibre?

A

Pre-ganglionic nerve fibre is short.
Postganglionic nerve fibre is long.

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15
Q

What are the length of the parasympathetic ganglionic nerve fibres?

A

The pre-ganglionic nerve fibre is long.
Post-ganglionic nerve fibre is short.

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in both divisions at the synapse on the ganglion?

A

Both divisions use acetylcholine (ACh) at the synapse in the ganglion.

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter is used at the target organ synapses?

A

The parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine.
The sympathetic division uses nor adrenaline (NA) - except if it’s at the sweat glands where acetylcholine is used.

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18
Q

How do the divisions operate?

A

Mostly antagonistically meaning that they have opposite actions.

19
Q

What is the adrenal medulla and what is the role it plays in the autonomic nervous system.

A

It’s the middle portion of the adrenal gland.

It acts as a combination of sympathetic ganglion and a gland .

It secretes adrenaline and no adrenaline into circulation .

20
Q

Which nervous system becomes active when energy expenditure is required?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

21
Q

What nervous system tends to be a play at rest?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system as it tends to be energy conserving.

22
Q

What are the two basic types of noradrenaline receptors?

A

Alpha receptors
Beta receptors.

Each produces a different effect when noradrenaline binds to the receptors .

23
Q

What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?

A
  1. Nicotinic
  2. Muscarinic
24
Q

What do the nicotinic receptors respond to and where are they found?

A

They respond to acetylcholine and also the drug nicotine.
They are found within the autonomic ganglia and at the skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction .

25
Q

What do muscarinic receptors respond to and where they found?

A

They respond to acetylcholine and also the drug muscarine. They are found at parasympathetic target organs.

26
Q

What effect does propranolol have on receptor types?

A

It is a beta blocker
It blocks the effect of adrenaline and beta receptors .

27
Q

What effect does atropine (belladonna) have on receptor types?

A

It’s a muscarinic blocker. It’s blocks the effect of acetylene on muscarinic receptors.

28
Q

What effect does each system have on the pupil of an eye?

A

Sympathetic action - dilation of the pupil due to smooth muscle relaxation.

Parasympathetic action - construction of the pupil due to smooth muscle contraction.

29
Q

What effect does each system have on the airways?

A

Sympathetic action - dilation due to smooth muscle relaxation at the beta receptors.

Parasympathetic action - constriction due to smooth muscle contraction.

30
Q

What effect does each system have on the heart.

A

Sympathetic action - increased heart rate increased contractility (strength of contraction).

Parasympathetic action - decrease heart rate and decreased contractility.

31
Q

What effect does each system have on the blood vessels (arterioles)?

A

Sympathetic action - constriction (smooth muscle contraction at the alpha receptors). Increase blood pressure.

Parasympathetic action - no major effect- decreased blood pressure by decreased sympathetic activity.

32
Q

What effect does each system have on the GI tract?

A

Sympathetic action -relaxation, decreased motility, decrease secretions.

Parasympathetic actions - increased motility, increased secretions.

33
Q

What effect does each system have on the adrenal medulla?

A

Sympathetic action - activated.

Parasympathetic action - no effect.

34
Q

What effect does each system have on the bladder?

A

Sympathetic action - relaxation of the walls and the closing of the sphincter.

Parasympathetic action - contraction of the walls and the opening of the sphincter.

35
Q

What effect does each system have on the genitalia?

A

Sympathetic action - ejaculation

Parasympathetic action - erection

36
Q

What is the acronym for parasympathetic activity?

A

Salivation
Lacrimation (tears)
Urination
Digestion
Defaecation

Decreased heart rate
Decreased airway diameter
Decreased pupil size.

37
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

Increase sympathetic output which is coordinated by the hypothalamus in response to a threat or danger.

38
Q

What happens to blood vessels during the fight or flight response?

A

Blood vessels change in preparation for increase muscle activity so they divert blood from non-essential areas.

39
Q

What happened to the airways during fight or flight response?

A

The airways dilate which moves air into the lungs faster.

40
Q

What is the effect of the liver during the fight or flight response?

A

There is an increased breakdown of glycogen in the liver which is promoted by the effects of nor adrenaline.

This increases the blood glucose which increases the fuel supply .

41
Q

What does the fight or flight response have on the adrenal medulla?

A

There is an increased sympathetic output to the adrenal medulla which increases circulating levels of adrenaline and prolongs sympathetic response.

42
Q

What are the non-essential fight or flight responses?

A

Decreased salivary secretions
Decreased gastrointestinal secretions
Decreased gastrointestinal motility .

43
Q

When can fight or flight responses occur in normal every day life?

A

Exercise
Emergency
Excitement
Embarrassment

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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