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Human Physiology > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism broken down into?

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Biochemical reaction that breaks down large molecules to release energy

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Biochemical reaction to synthesise new molecules by consuming energy.

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4
Q

What paths does a lipid take to get to the Krebs cycle?

A

Lipid > fatty acids > beta oxidation > acetyl CoA > Krebs cycle

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5
Q

What path does a carbohydrate take to get to the Krebs cycle?

A

Carbohydrates > glucose > glycolysis > pyruvate > acetyl CoA > Krebs cycle

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6
Q

How do proteins get to the Krebs cycle?

A

Protein > amino acid > deamination > (acetyl CoA) > Krebs cycle

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7
Q

What is deamination?

A

Deamination is the elimination of nitrogen through the process of:

Ammonia > urea > urine

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8
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

The mitochondria

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9
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

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10
Q

What two energy rich electron donor substances are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH

FADH2

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11
Q

What is the role of NADH And FADH2?

A

These molecules donate electrons to a series of carrier molecules in a sequence of reactions called the electron transport chain.

The energy released from this is used to generate further molecules of ATP

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12
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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13
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A controlled release of energy

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14
Q

What carrier molecules are involved in the electron transport chain?

A

Cytochromes

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15
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A
  1. NADH + H+ + FADH2 synthesises ATP
  2. Coenzymes pass high energy electrons through electron carriers, synthesising ATP
  3. The electrons moved from a high energy state to a lower energy state.
  4. Lower energy electrons are passed to oxygen to produce water.
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16
Q

The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain both require oxygen to produce ATP. What type of respiration is this?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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17
Q

How much ATP is yielded in fat metabolism?

A

Each 18C fatty acid yields 146 ATP

Therefore, each molecule of lipid yields 3×146 = 438 ATP.

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18
Q

Is protein breakdown used in normal energy metabolism?

A

Not really

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19
Q

When is protein energy metabolism used?

A
  1. During sustained, intense exercise.
  2. In starvation when carbohydrate and lipid stores have been used up.
20
Q

Why do we need energy?

A
  1. Muscle contraction.
  2. Protein synthesis.
  3. Active transport.
  4. Maintain body temperature.
  5. Replenishing energy stores.
21
Q

What is the anaerobic glucose breakdown?

A

Glucose > Glycolysis > pyruvate > lactate> Pyruvate > glucogenesis > glucose> glycogen (stored)

22
Q

What happens if EI > EE

A

Excess energy is stored as fat.

Subject is in positive energy balance .

23
Q

What happens if EI < EE?

A

Fat stores are mobilised

Subject is in negative energy balance

24
Q

What happens if EI = EE?

A

Subject is an energy balance

25
Q

What is the calculation for energy available from: carbohydrates, fat, protein, alcohol

A

Carbohydrates - 3.75 kcal/g

Fat - 9 kcal/g

Protein - 4 kcal/g

Alcohol - 7kcal/g

26
Q

What is a healthy BMI range?

A

18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2

27
Q

What is an underweight BMI range?

A

Below 18.5

28
Q

What is an overweight BMI range?

A

Above 24.9

29
Q

What are the health risks of obesity?

A
  1. Cardiovascular disease.
  2. Type two diabetes.
  3. Some cancers.
  4. Problems with weight-bearing joints.
  5. Respiratory problems.
  6. Psychological.
30
Q

How much energy does the average 25-year-old female and male need?

A

Female - 2080 kcal/d

Male - 2600 kcal/d

31
Q

What is total energy expenditure (TEE)?

A

The total amount of energy expended per day

32
Q

What are the three components of TEE?

A
  1. Basal metabolic rate.
  2. Physical activity.
  3. Thermic effect of food.
33
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

The minimal energy to survive (heart beat, breathing, brain activity, active transport systems)

Accounts for 60 to 70% of TEE in average person (~ 1300 - 1600 kcal/day)

34
Q

What is physical activity in terms of TEE?

A

The energy to move about (including standing activities, occupational activity, fidgeting, etc)

Accounts for 15 to 30% of TEE but very variable .

Depends on duration and intensity of activities.

35
Q

What is sedentary behaviour a risk factor of?

A

Cardiovascular disease and Type two diabetes

36
Q

What is the thermic effect of food (dietary induced thermogenesis) based on TEE?

A

Increased energy expenditure after eating due to energy cost of digesting and absorbing food.

Accounts for ~ 10% of TEE

Varies, according to composition of diet

37
Q

What factors affect BMR?

A
  1. Body weight
  2. Body composition.
  3. Age.
  4. Gender.
38
Q

How does body weight affect BMR?

A

Increase in weight results in an increase in BMR due to tissues using more energy

39
Q

How does body composition (ratio of fat/lean tissue) affect BMR?

A

Fat tissue is less metabolically active than lean tissue.

The higher percentage fat the lower the BMR

40
Q

How does age affect BMR?

A

BMR is highest per KG in childhood (growth)

After ~ 18 years old, ~ 2% drop in BMR per decade

This is partly due to changes in body composition

41
Q

How does gender affect BMR?

A

BMR is higher in males because males have a greater muscle mass

42
Q

How does hypothyroid and hyperthyroid affect BMR?

A

Hypothyroid decreases BMR
Hyper thyroid increases BMR

43
Q

Does pregnancy affect BMR?

A

Yes, pregnancy increases BMR

44
Q

How is the energy cost of different activities measured?

A

Calorimetry:

  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
45
Q

How to measure direct calorimetry

A

Heat given off by subject is measured by temperature changes in water through flowing through calorimeter.

It is very accurate , but costly and technically difficult

It does not represent real life

46
Q

How does indirect calorimetry work?

A

Based on the relationship between energy production and oxygen uptake - 95% of all metabolic reactions require oxygen (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain)

The more energy required the greater the oxygen uptake

Equipment

Douglas bag, computerised respirometers

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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