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Human Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What gas moves from air into blood?

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

What is the process by which gas moves from the blood to the air?

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

Type 2 Alveolar cells are also known as this

A

Septal cells

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4
Q

What muscle is involved in breathing?

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the cartilage portion at the top of the trachea?

A

Larynx

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is in the upper respiratory passages?

A

Pseudo stratified

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7
Q

What is the name of an air sack?

A

Alveolus

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8
Q

What structures move trapped particles out of airways?

A

Cilia

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9
Q

What is the top portion of the lung?

A

Apex

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10
Q

What type of cartilage is found in tracheal rings?

A

Hyaline

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11
Q

What type of epithelium lines air sacks?

A

Squamous

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12
Q

What blood vessels are associated with air?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

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13
Q

What are the different segments of the lungs?

A

Lobes

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14
Q

What is the outer membrane of the lungs?

A

Pleural

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15
Q

What gas moves from blood into air?

A

Carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What shape is tracheal rings?

A

C

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17
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Primary bronchi

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18
Q

What type of cells secrete mucus in the trachea?

A

Goblet cells

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19
Q

What lowers surface tension?

A

Surfactant

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20
Q

What is the passage conducting air from the mouth to the trachea called?

A

Pharynx

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21
Q

What is the last of the bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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22
Q

What is the shape of the cells lining the trachea?

A

Columnar

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23
Q

What is the passage of air into the lungs? (Bronchial tree)

A
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24
Q

What is an alveoli?

A

Small spherical air sacks lined by simple squamous epithelium

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25
Q

What are type one alveolar cells?

A

It’s the continuous lining of alveolar wall and the main sites of gas exchange in alveoli

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26
Q

What are type two alveolar cells?

A

They are known as septal cells

There are a fewer in number

They secrete alveolar fluid

Includes surfactant

Lower surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The process of breathing

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29
Q

What is inhalation?

A

Air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs

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30
Q

What is exhalation?

A

And moves from the lungs to the atmosphere

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31
Q

How do we achieve this movement of air?

A

Due to pressure differences between the atmosphere and the lungs.

These pressure differences are caused by the contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

Muscles of exhalation

A
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34
Q

What happens as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases?

A

The pressure in the cavity drops

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35
Q

What is Boyle law?

A

This states that for a gas at a constant temperature (pressure x volume) is a constant

PV = k

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36
Q

What happens if the volume goes down and what happens if the volume goes up?

A

If volume goes down, pressure must go up

If volume goes up, pressure must go down

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37
Q

What happens during ventilation?

A

1.Inspiratory muscles increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
2. Pressure and thoracic cavity decreases.
3. Pressure drops below atmospheric pressure - alveola pressure drops to ~758mmHg
4. Air moves from atmosphere into lungs.

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38
Q

What happens at the end of inhalation?

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax.
  2. Chest wall and lungs return to normal size under elastic recoil - no muscle activity.
  3. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases.
  4. Pressure increases above atmospheric pressure (our pressure increases to ~762mmHg)
  5. Air moves from the lungs. (High p) to the atmosphere (low p)
  6. Exhalation/expiration
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39
Q

When do expiratory muscles come into action?

A

During forceful breathing - shouting, singing, coughing, exercise.

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40
Q

At rest is atmospheric pressure higher or lower than alveolar pressure?

A

It’s the same

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41
Q

During inhalation is atmospheric pressure higher or lower than alveolar pressure?

A

Atmospheric pressure is higher

42
Q

During exhalation is atmospheric pressure higher or lower than alveolar pressure?

A

It is lower

43
Q

What do the differences in pressure change?

A

The depth of breathing in different circumstances

44
Q

What is three factors can affect ventilation?

A
  1. Alveola surface tension.
  2. Lung compliance.
  3. Airway resistance.
45
Q

What is alveolar surface tension?

A

Alveoli are small vertical structures lined with fluid
They have high surface tension
It is reduced by surfactant - making it easier to inflate the alveoli .

46
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The measure of how easy or difficult is to expand the lungs or chest wall

47
Q

What is high compliance?

A

Easy expansion - normal high elasticity in lungs means that high lung compliance is the norm

48
Q

What is low compliance?

A

Difficult expansion - this becomes a apparent in lung disease

49
Q

What is airway resistance?

A

It’s related to airway diameter

Reduced diameter > increased resistance to airflow > decreased ventilation

50
Q

What disease conditions result in a reduced airway diameter?

A
  1. Asthma - airways narrowed due to smooth muscle contraction.
  2. Chronic bronchitis - airways narrowed due to inflammation and secretion of excess mucus.
  3. Emphysema. - airways collapsed due to loss of elastic tissue
51
Q

At rest normal ventilation is about ________ per breath

A

500 ML (tidal volume)

52
Q

How much of the 500 ML makes it to the alveoli to participate in gas exchange?

A

350ml

53
Q

What happens to the remaining 150 ML?

A

It is contained in the conducting airways - dead space

54
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume breathed in and out in a single normal breath

55
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume that could be breathed in with a maximum inhalation

56
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

Total volume that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (Vt + IRV)

57
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume that can be breathed out with a maximum exhalation

58
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be breathed in and out in a single maximum breath

59
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation - remaining in the alveoli and non-collapsible airways

60
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The total volume of air in the lungs after a normal exhalation (ERV+RV)

61
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Total amount of air present in the lungs after a single maximum inhalation (VC + RV)

62
Q
A
63
Q

How did the gases move from the air in the alveoli into into the blood?

A

Diffusion

64
Q

Is carbon dioxide in the blood of alveolar capillaries higher than the alveolar air?

A

Yes

65
Q

Concentration of gases is given by their _____________

A

Partial pressure

66
Q

If the total pressure of all the gases is 760mmHg and 21% of it is accounted for by oxygen. What is the partial pressure of oxygen?

A

21% x by 760mmHg = 160mmHg

67
Q

What does the partial pressure differences of gases in alveoli and in the blood determine?

A

The direction of movement of the gases

68
Q

What is atmospheric PO2?

A

160mmHg

69
Q

What is alveolar PO2 and PCO2

A

PO2 = 100-105 mmHg

PCO2 = 40mmHg

70
Q

When starting venous blood PO2 and PCO2is?

A

PO2 = 40mmHg

PCO2 = 46mmHg

71
Q

When moving into arterial blood PO2 and PCO2is?

A

PO2 = 100mmHg

PCO2 = 40mmHg

72
Q

Blood blood leaving the lungs to return to the heart is known as ________________. It has _________ CO2. It has _______________ O2.

A

Arterial blood

Lost

Picked up

73
Q

In each litre of arterial blood, how much oxygen is there?

A

200 ML

74
Q

Out of 200 ML per litre how much oxygen is dissolved in water of the blood?

A

3ML/L

75
Q

Of the 200 ML/L of oxygen how much oxygen is bound to haemoglobin in RBCs?

A

About 197ML/L

76
Q

What is the average haemoglobin concentration in the blood?

A

150g/l (15%)

77
Q

What does the centre of each heam molecule contain?

A

An iron ion

78
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can combine with an iron ion?

A

One

79
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

A

Four

80
Q

What name is given when haemoglobin is combined with oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

81
Q

If haemoglobin is completely converted to Oxyhemoglobin, it is said to be…

A

Fully saturated

82
Q

If haemoglobin is not completely converted to Oxyhemoglobin, it is said to be…

A

Partially saturated

83
Q

What is the main factor determining level of saturation?

A

PO2 of the blood

84
Q

What does the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve show when PO2 is high?

A

It shows that most of the oxygen is bound to the haemoglobin

85
Q

What does the oxygen haemoglobin curve show when PO2 is low?

A

It shows the oxygen is not bound to haemoglobin - it is released from haemoglobin

86
Q

Where is PO2?

A

At the lungs - therefore oxygen is picked up by haemoglobin

87
Q

Where is PO2 low?

A

At the tissues - therefore oxygen is released from haemoglobin and delivered to the tissues

88
Q

Is the shape of the dissociation curve fixed?

A

No, it can be influenced by several factors, including pH, temperature, metabolites

89
Q

If the dissociation curve shift to the left, would the pH be more or less acidic?

A

Shift to the left makes it less acidic

90
Q

It’s the dissociation curve shifts to the right with the pH be more or less acidic

A

More acidic

91
Q

When pH is more acidic is more or less oxygen bound to haemoglobin

A

Less oxygen

92
Q

Where in the body is pH more acidic and why?

A

The tissues

The tissues are metabolically active and are producing carbon dioxide

93
Q

Where in the body will the pH be less acidic?

A

At the lungs - at the lungs more oxygen is picked up at lower PO2.

94
Q

What are the shifts in the dissociation curve known as?

A

The Bohr effect

95
Q

Give examples of a left shift

A
  1. Alkalosis.
  2. Decreased PCO2.
  3. Hypothermia.
  4. Decreased metabolites.
  5. Fetal haemoglobin.
96
Q

Give examples of a right shift

A
  1. Acidosis.
  2. Increased PCO2.
  3. Increased metabolites.
  4. Hyperthermia.
97
Q

What are the three main mechanisms of carbon dioxide transport?

A
  1. Dissolved in the water of the plasma. (~8%)
  2. Bound to haemoglobin (carbaminohaemoglobin) (25%)
  3. Transported as bicarbonate in the plasma (67%)
98
Q

What enzyme speeds up the reaction in red blood cells?

A

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE

99
Q

Why are the hydrogen ions produced buffered?

A

They are buffered by combining with haemoglobin in RBCs

100
Q

Where do the bicarbonate ions diffuse from and what do they contribute to?

A

Red blood cells

Plasma

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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