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MCAT Biology > The endocrine system > Flashcards

The endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

Steroid hormones:
Derived from ____
Mostly made in ____
Mode of action ____
Duration of action ____
Need carrier to travel through blood? ___

A

Derived from cholesterol

Mostly made in the gonads and adrenal cortex

Are able to travel through the membrane, so they bind either intracellularly or intranuclearly to create a conformational change that can alter DNA to change gene production

Slow onset but long-lived

Does need a carrier to travel through blood bc they’re lipid soluble

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2
Q

Peptide hormones:
Derived from ____
Mode of action ____
Duration of action ____
Need carrier to travel through blood? ___

A

Derived from amino-acid chains

Charged so they cannot enter the cell, work instead by binding to receptors that then transmit secondary messengers that can start a cascade (ex: G protein-coupled receptors). Can also cause amplification bc they can bind to more than one receptor before degradation

Short onset but act very quickly

Do not need carriers to travel through blood

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3
Q

Amino-acid derived hormones:
Derived from ____
The two categories are ____

A

Derived from amino acids with some modifications (ex: tyrosine having iodine bound to it)

Two categories:
Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)- G protein coupled, fast onset

Thyroid (triiodothyronine and thyroxine)- intracellular binding, slow onset

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4
Q

What is the difference between tropic and direct hormones?

A

Tropic hormones rely on an intermediary to reach the target tissue

Direct hormones are able to reach the target tissue on their own

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5
Q

If the hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone, the anterior pituitary releases:

A

FSH or LH

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6
Q

If the hypothalamus releases Growth-hormone releasing hormone, the anterior pituitary releases:

A

Growth hormone

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7
Q

If the hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone, the anterior pituitary releases:

A

TSH

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8
Q

If the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor, the anterior pituitary releases:

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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9
Q

Released by the posterior pituitary
Released during uterine contractions and for milk letdown

A

Oxytocin

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10
Q

Released by the posterior pituitary
Stimulated by the increased concentration of solute in the blood and encourages kidneys to reabsorb H2O

A

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

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11
Q

This part of the brain regulates both parts of the pituitary gland through the paracrine release of tropic hormones, and is regulated by negative feedback (think HPA axis)

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

The ____ pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal system, where tropic hormones are released, reach the pituitary stem, and bind to stimulate the release of more hormones. This part of the pituitary gland is able to make its own hormones

A

Anterior

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13
Q

The hypothalamus sends axons into the ____ pituitary. This part of the pituitary is not able to make its own hormones

A

Posterior

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14
Q

The hypothalamus sends axons into the ____ pituitary

A
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15
Q

The anterior pituitary has four tropic and three direct hormones. They are:

A

Tropic:
FSH and LH, TSH, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (vasopressin)

Direct:
Prolactin, endorphins and growth hormone

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16
Q

The thyroid is controlled by TSH released from the anterior pituitary. It’s two roles are to promote ___ homeostasis and set _____ rate

A

Promote calcium homeostasis and set the basal metabolic rate

17
Q

This hormone, produced by the thyroid, decreases plasma calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, and increasing the storage of calcium in the bones

A

Calcitonin

18
Q

These hormones are both versions of tyrosine modified with either 3 or 4 iodines, and are secreted by the thyroid to maintain metabolic rate, including cellular respiration and fatty acid utilization

A

T3 and T4 (triiodothyronine and thyroxine)

19
Q

This hormone originates in the parathyroid gland, and is antagonistic to calcitonin, which means it raises blood calcium levels, and activates Vitamin D for calcium absorption

A

Parathyroid hormone

20
Q

The adrenal cortex is located on top of the ____ and secretes these three classes of corticosteroids: ____

A

On top of the kidneys

Secretes: Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids and cortical sex hormones

21
Q

These corticosteroids are in charge of regulating glucose levels, and include cortisol and cortisone

A

Glucocorticoids

22
Q

These corticosteroids are in charge of regulating water and salt homeostasis, which includes maintaining blood osmolarity

A

Mineralcorticoids

23
Q

These corticosteroids are in charge of regulating the androgens and estrogen. Males and females are very sensitive to changes in the concentration of the non-dominant hormone for their sex

A

Cortical sex hormones

24
Q

The ______ is located inside the adrenal cortex and secretes the catecholamines, including norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

25
Q

The ____ has both exo and endocrine functions, and whose cells include Alpha, beta, and delta

A

Pancreas

26
Q

In the pancreas, these cells are responsible for secreting glucagon, which promotes glucose production

A

Alpha

27
Q

In the pancreas, these cells are responsible for secreting insulin, which promotes glucose storage and therefore is antagonistic to glucagon

A

Beta

28
Q

In the pancreas, these cells are responsible for secreting somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin

A

Delta

29
Q

This hormone is a mineralocorticoid and is responsible for increasing blood volume and pressure by increasing the amount of sodium reabsorbed in the kidneys, which also takes H2O with it to maintain osmolarity

A

Aldosterone

MCAT Biology (10 decks)

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