Reproduction

Question 1

What occurs during G1?

Answer 1

The cell creates organelles and grows in size

Question 2

What occurs during S?

Answer 2

Genetic material is replicated and is held together by centromere

This does NOT increase the number of chromatids, just gives them the traditional X shape

Question 3

What occurs during G2?

Answer 3

The cell checks for the correct number of organelles and makes sure DNA is good in order to begin mitosis

Question 4

Order metaphase, telophase, anaphase and prophase

Answer 4

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 5

A cell spends the longest amount of time in _____ which is made up of 3 phases :_____

Answer 5

Interphase

G1, S, and G2

Question 6

What occurs during prophase?

Answer 6

-Chromatin condense and become chromosomes
-The nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear
-Centrioles migrate to either side of the cell and begin to form the mitotic spindle

Question 7

What occurs during metaphase?

Answer 7

-Spindle fibers connect to the chromosomes by linking with kinetochore fibers
-Chromosomes align at the metaphasic plate (center)

Question 8

What occurs during anaphase?

Answer 8

-Centromeres split
-Sister chromatids are pulled to either side of the cell

Question 9

What occurs during telophase?

Answer 9

Reverse of prophase
-Nuclear membrane and nucleoli reform
-Chromosomes relax
-Spindle apparatus disappears

Question 10

What happens in cytokinesis and when does it occur?

Answer 10

Occurs during telophase
Each daughter cell is given enough organelles and cytoplasm to survive

Question 11

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 11

Interphase occurs in both mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis is for growth, occurs in normal body cells and makes identical diploid cells with 46 chromosomes each

Meiosis is for genetic variability, occurs in sex cells (gametes) and makes 4 nonidentical haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each

Question 12

Meiosis: What occurs in prophase 1?

Answer 12

When the chromosomes line up, they experience cross over and create recombinate genes

Question 13

Meiosis: What occurs in metaphase 1?

Answer 13

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, but they’re in pairs instead of in one line like in mitosis

Question 14

Meiosis: What occurs in anaphase 1?

Answer 14

Disjunction occurs –> the homologous chromosomes are pulled to one side of the cell each (split down the middle –> chromosomes on left go to left, chromosomes on right go to right)

Question 15

Meiosis: What occurs in telophase 1?

Answer 15

Will create two daughter cells with one chromosome each, which can then undergo meiosis 2 to form the uptime 4 haploid cells
-At this point there are 23 chromosomes but 46 chromatids, since they are still duplicated in order to divide during meiosis 2

Question 16

Order: Luteal phase, menstruation, ovulation, follicular phase

Answer 16

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menstruation

Question 17

How do hormones change during the follicular phase?

Answer 17

GnRH increases as estrogen and progesterone decrease

The increase in GnRH leads to an increase in FSH and LH

At the end of this phase, estrogen starts to increase and shuts off GnRH, LH and FSH

Question 18

How do hormones change during ovulation?

Answer 18

Estrogen acts in a + feedback that increases the amount of GnRh, LH and FSH

The increase in LH causes an egg to be released

Question 19

How do hormones change during the luteal phase?

Answer 19

LH causes the secretion of progesterone

Progesterone increase, estrogen remains and the same, and GnRH, LH and FSH decrease

Question 20

How do hormones change during menstruation?

Answer 20

Since no implantation occurred, progesterone decreases

The decrease of estrogen and progesterone means an increase in GnRH, which begins the phases all over again

Question 21

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 21

Produce sperm

Question 22

Interstitial cells of Leydig

Answer 22

Secrete testosterone and other androgens

Question 23

Cremaster muscle

Answer 23

Raises/lowers testes

Question 24

Vas deferens

Answer 24

Connects the urethra and epididymis

Question 25

Seminal vesicles

Answer 25

Contributes fructose for sperm

Question 26

Prostate gland

Answer 26

Gives sperm alkaline properties to combat the acidic vagina

Question 27

Cowpers gland

Answer 27

Produces fluid to clear out urine from urethra

Question 28

The seminal fluid is made by the ___, ____, and ____

Answer 28

Seminal vesicles, prostate and cowper’s gland

Question 29

Order the following steps of spermatogenesis:

Secondary spermatocyte, spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, spermatozoa, spermatid

Answer 29

Spermatogonia (diploid), primary spermatocyte (diploid, after S stage), secondary spermatocyte (after meiosis 1), spermatid (after meiosis 2, haploid), spermatozoa (mature sperm)

Question 30

During ovulation, the oocyte is released from the ____, into the _____, and then pulled into the _____ by cillia

Answer 30

Ovaries, abdominal cavity, fallopian tubes

Question 31

What role do estrogen and progesterone play in the endometrial lining?

Answer 31

Estrogen thickens the lining while progesterone keeps it in place

Question 32

What is the process of oogenesis?

Answer 32

-ooctyes are arrested in prophase I until first menstruation
Each month
-Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I to create polar body (useless) and secondary oocyte
-Secondary oocyte arrests at metaphase II and will resume meiosis II if there’s fertilization

Question 33

The zona pellicuda is located

Answer 33

Around the ooctye