The cardiovascular system Flashcards
The right side of the heart pumps _____ blood while the left side pumps _____
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated
These two chambers of the heart are thin walled, accept blood from the the pulmonary veins or vena cavae, and pump it into the ventricles
Atria
These two chambers of the heart are muscular and thick walled, accept blood from the atria, and pump blood out through the pulmonary artery or aorta
Ventricles
What is the progression of blood through the heart? Starting with the vena cavae and ending with the aorta
Inferior and superior VC –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta and to the rest of the body
This type of valve separates atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular valves
This valve separates the right atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid
This type of valve separate the vasculature system and ventricles
Semilunar valves
This valve separates the left atrium and ventricle
Mitral/bicuspid
This valve separates the right ventricle from pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary valve
This valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta
Aortic valve
What is the order of electrical conduction in the heart? Starting with the SA node and ending with the Purkinje fibers
SA node –> AV node –> Bundle of HIS –> Purkinje fibers
This node acts as the natural pace maker and, without input from the brain, stimulates the heart to beat 60-100 bpm
SA node
This node connects the electrical activity of the atria and ventricles and allows the ventricles to fill with blood
AV node (atrioventricular node)
This part of the electrical system is located between the ventricles and carriers the electrical stimulation down into the Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His
This part of the electrical system branches into the heart muscle (specifically the ventricular walls) in order to distribute the charge
Purkinje fibers
During systole blood is pumped ____ the ventricles and pressure ___
Out of
Increases
During diastole blood is pumped ___ the ventricles and pressure ___
Into the ventricles from the atrium
Decreases
How is cardiac output calculated?
CO= Heart rate * stroke volume
This type of blood vessel normally carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and lungs, and is very high in smooth muscle and elastic
Arteries
This type of blood vessel is thin walled and inelastic, but is still able to stretch out to accommodate large volumes of bloods. It relies on valves and skeletal muscle to pump blood against gravity
Veins
This type of blood vessel is so small, RBC’s have to proceed in a single file line. They have very thin walls that allow for diffusion of gas, waste, and nutrients, and are the primary interface of communication with tissues (so things like hormones can get into the blood)
Capillaries
What are portal systems?
They are systems where blood passes through two capillary systems instead of one, like normal
This type of blood cell contains hemoglobin, lacks organelles and is biconcave in order to easily fit through capillaries. They cannot divide and only carry out glycolysis with ATP. In their immature forms, they’re called erthyroblasts
Erthyrocytes (Red blood cells)
This type of blood cell defends against pathogens and can be broken down into two categories: ganrulocytes that are toxic to microbes and stimulate the inflammation response, and agranulocytes that act as primary immune responders or through long-term memory
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
This type of blood cell is made of fragments of bone marrow cells and is used for clotting
Thrombocytes (platelets)
What does the Bohr effect say about hemoglobin and CO2?
It explains how hemoglobins affinity changes as a result of changing blood pH and [CO2]. When [CO2] increases, hemoglobin has a lower affinity for O2
When hemoglobin has a ____ affinity for O2, it doesn’t like to let it go
High
When hemoglobin has a ____ affinity for O2, it readily lets it go
Low
Plasma is the ____ portion of blood and contains things like gases, salt, hormones and protein
Liquid
This type of fluid balance is defined as the force per unit area that blood exerts on vessel walls and is commonly measured as blood pressure
Hydrostatic
This type of fluid balance is defined as the “sucking” of solutes trying to draw water into the blood stream and is mostly attributed to plasma proteins
Osmotic
(Pertains to water –> changes in osmosis)
