Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exercise Physiology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete their products into ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Ductless and release hormones into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are hormones

A

Hormones are chemical messengers carried by the blood to target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

Glands and organs that secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of hormones

A

Regulation
Control growth and development
Regulate operation of the reproductive system
Help establish circadian rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 major structural classes of hormones

A

Amines
Peptides and proteins
Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of amines

A

Thyroid hormones
Dopamine
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of peptides and proteins

A

The majority of hormones are peptides eg, insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of steroids

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are peptide and catecholamine hormones transported

A

They are water soluble so therefore circulate dissolved in the plasma
Some peptide hormones bind to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported

A

They circulate mainly bound to plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which organs remove hormones from the plasma

A

The liver and kidneys
By metabolising or excreting them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones

A

Inside target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are receptors for peptide hormones and catecolamines

A

On the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the responsiveness of a target cell depend on

A

1) the hormone’s concentration in the blood
2) the abundance of the target cells hormone receptors
3) influences exerted by other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What effects can hormonal interactions have

A
  • permissive
  • synergistic
  • antagonistic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What inputs control hormonal secretion

A

1) plasma concentration of anion or nutrient that the hormone regulates
2) neural input to the endocrine glands
3) other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone referred to

A

A tropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland

A

Hormones are synthesised in the hypothalamus, axons pass it down the infundibulum, terminate in the posterior pituitary and release hormones eg, oxytocin

20
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH and LH

21
Q

What type of hormones are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotropic hormones

22
Q

What controls secretion of the anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

Hypophysiotropic hormones via the portal vessels connecting the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

23
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

Within the neck in front of the trachea

24
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

25
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormones

A

Increased oxidative substrate metabolism
Increased mitochondrial enzyme activity
Increased carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

26
Q

Role of T3

A

Required for normal production of growth hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
Important developmental hormone for the nervous system

27
Q

What mediates the secretion of cortisol during stress

A

The hypothalamus - anterior pituitary gland system

28
Q

What are the physiological functions of cortisol during non-stressful situations

A
  • Cortisol affects the responsiveness of smooth muscle cells to epinephrine and norepinephrine, thus helping to maintain BP
  • Cortisol required to maintain the certain enzymes conc. involved in metabolic homeostasis so glucose conc. doesn’t drop too far below normal
  • Has anti-inflammatory and anti-immune functions
29
Q

Physiological functions of cortisol in stressful situations

A
  • Enhanced vascular reactivity, improving cardiovascular performance
  • Unidentified protective elements against the damaging influences of stress
  • Inhibition of inflammation and specific immune responses
  • inhibition of nonessential functions (eg, reproduction and growth)
30
Q

Physiological functions of cortisol in stressful situations - effect on metabolism

A
  • Stimulation of protein catabolism in bone, lymph, muscle and elsewhere
  • Stimulation of liver uptake of amino acids and their conversion to glucose
  • Maintenance of plasma glucose concentration
  • Stimulation of triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release of glycerol and fatty acids into the blood
31
Q

When is cortisol highest

A

In the morning

32
Q

When is cortisol lowest

A

At night

33
Q

Which hormones are most important to growth

A

Growth hormone
T3
Testosterone and estradiol
Insulin like growth factors 1 and 2
Insulin (mainly during fetal life)

34
Q

What stimulates growth hormone

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

35
Q

What inhibits growth hormone

A

Somatostatin (STT)

36
Q

What does growth hormone stimulate the release of

A

IGF-1

37
Q

What does IGF-1 do

A

Acts locally to stimulate cell division

38
Q

When is growth hormone highest

A

During adolescence

39
Q

Where is testosterone produced

A

By the testes
Also produced in smaller quantities in the ovaries and the adrenal cortex (females)

40
Q

What does testosterone promote

A

Muscle growth and development of male sex characteristics

41
Q

Where is oestrogen and progesterone produced

A

Ovaries

42
Q

What does oestrogen and progesterone promote

A

Development of female sex characteristics, regulates menstrual cycle and adipose tissue growth
Oestrogen also promotes endothelia function

43
Q

Where is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) produced

A

In the adrenal cortex

44
Q

What are DHEAs

A

Precursors for sex hormones such as testosterone and estradiol

45
Q

When does DHEA and DHEA-S production peak

A

Age 20-30 and then declines progressively with ags

46
Q

What happens to DHEA/S following exercise

A

It increases following low and moderate intensity exercise in young but not older adults

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions