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Exercise Physiology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete their products into ducts

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Ductless and release hormones into the blood

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3
Q

What are hormones

A

Hormones are chemical messengers carried by the blood to target cells

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

Glands and organs that secrete hormones

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5
Q

What are the functions of hormones

A

Regulation
Control growth and development
Regulate operation of the reproductive system
Help establish circadian rhythm

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6
Q

What are the 3 major structural classes of hormones

A

Amines
Peptides and proteins
Steroids

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7
Q

Examples of amines

A

Thyroid hormones
Dopamine
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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8
Q

Examples of peptides and proteins

A

The majority of hormones are peptides eg, insulin

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9
Q

Examples of steroids

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens

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10
Q

How are peptide and catecholamine hormones transported

A

They are water soluble so therefore circulate dissolved in the plasma
Some peptide hormones bind to plasma

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11
Q

How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported

A

They circulate mainly bound to plasma proteins

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12
Q

Which organs remove hormones from the plasma

A

The liver and kidneys
By metabolising or excreting them

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13
Q

Where are receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones

A

Inside target cells

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14
Q

Where are receptors for peptide hormones and catecolamines

A

On the plasma membrane

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15
Q

What does the responsiveness of a target cell depend on

A

1) the hormone’s concentration in the blood
2) the abundance of the target cells hormone receptors
3) influences exerted by other hormones

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16
Q

What effects can hormonal interactions have

A
  • permissive
  • synergistic
  • antagonistic
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17
Q

What inputs control hormonal secretion

A

1) plasma concentration of anion or nutrient that the hormone regulates
2) neural input to the endocrine glands
3) other hormones

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18
Q

What is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone referred to

A

A tropic hormone

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19
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland

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A

Hormones are synthesised in the hypothalamus, axons pass it down the infundibulum, terminate in the posterior pituitary and release hormones eg, oxytocin

20
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete

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A

GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH and LH

21
Q

What type of hormones are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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A

Gonadotropic hormones

22
Q

What controls secretion of the anterior pituitary gland hormones

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A

Hypophysiotropic hormones via the portal vessels connecting the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

23
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

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A

Within the neck in front of the trachea

24
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce

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A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

25
What are the actions of thyroid hormones
Increased oxidative substrate metabolism Increased mitochondrial enzyme activity Increased carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
26
Role of T3
Required for normal production of growth hormones from the anterior pituitary gland Important developmental hormone for the nervous system
27
What mediates the secretion of cortisol during stress
The hypothalamus - anterior pituitary gland system
28
What are the physiological functions of cortisol during non-stressful situations
- Cortisol affects the responsiveness of smooth muscle cells to epinephrine and norepinephrine, thus helping to maintain BP - Cortisol required to maintain the certain enzymes conc. involved in metabolic homeostasis so glucose conc. doesn’t drop too far below normal - Has anti-inflammatory and anti-immune functions
29
Physiological functions of cortisol in stressful situations
- Enhanced vascular reactivity, improving cardiovascular performance - Unidentified protective elements against the damaging influences of stress - Inhibition of inflammation and specific immune responses - inhibition of nonessential functions (eg, reproduction and growth)
30
Physiological functions of cortisol in stressful situations - effect on metabolism
- Stimulation of protein catabolism in bone, lymph, muscle and elsewhere - Stimulation of liver uptake of amino acids and their conversion to glucose - Maintenance of plasma glucose concentration - Stimulation of triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release of glycerol and fatty acids into the blood
31
When is cortisol highest
In the morning
32
When is cortisol lowest
At night
33
Which hormones are most important to growth
Growth hormone T3 Testosterone and estradiol Insulin like growth factors 1 and 2 Insulin (mainly during fetal life)
34
What stimulates growth hormone
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
35
What inhibits growth hormone
Somatostatin (STT)
36
What does growth hormone stimulate the release of
IGF-1
37
What does IGF-1 do
Acts locally to stimulate cell division
38
When is growth hormone highest
During adolescence
39
Where is testosterone produced
By the testes Also produced in smaller quantities in the ovaries and the adrenal cortex (females)
40
What does testosterone promote
Muscle growth and development of male sex characteristics
41
Where is oestrogen and progesterone produced
Ovaries
42
What does oestrogen and progesterone promote
Development of female sex characteristics, regulates menstrual cycle and adipose tissue growth Oestrogen also promotes endothelia function
43
Where is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) produced
In the adrenal cortex
44
What are DHEAs
Precursors for sex hormones such as testosterone and estradiol
45
When does DHEA and DHEA-S production peak
Age 20-30 and then declines progressively with ags
46
What happens to DHEA/S following exercise
It increases following low and moderate intensity exercise in young but not older adults

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