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Exercise Physiology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

The spine and skull

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Everything outside the spine and skull
Contains nerves and ganglion
Can regrow after damage

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3
Q

Afferent information (PNS)

A

Input from the sensory division

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4
Q

Efferent information (PNS)

A

Output from the motor division

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5
Q

What are neurones

A

Nerve cells that are electrically excitable communicate with other cells via specialises connections called synapses.
They make up the majority of nervous tissue

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6
Q

What are glial cells

A

Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurones

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7
Q

What does the dendritic pattern indicate

A

The number of inputs (and the information) received by a neurone

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8
Q

Information passed within neurones is…

A

Electrical

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9
Q

Information passed between neurones is…

A

Chemical

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10
Q

Role of oligodendrocytes

A
  • Form the myelin sheath on axons in the CNS
  • Each oligodendrocyte can myelinated up to 50 axons
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11
Q

Role of Schwann cells

A
  • Form myelin in PNS
  • Assist in regeneration and re-growth of axons
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12
Q

Role of microglia

A
  • The brains immune system
  • Scavenge the CNS for plaques, damaged cells and infectious agents
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13
Q

Role of ependymal cells

A
  • Make up a membrane called the ependyma which is a thin membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles
  • Produce cerebrospinal fluid
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14
Q

Role of atrocytes

A
  • Regulate chemicals around neurones (glucose, ion concentration, neurotransmitter uptake)
  • Regulate blood flow around the brain (vasomodulation)
  • Nervous system repair (fill spaces in the NS creating glial scars)
  • Maintenance of the blood-brain barrier
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15
Q

What are the 5 types of glial cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann cells
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Microglia
  5. Ependymal cells
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16
Q

What is the role of myelin

A

Allows axon potentials to propagate quicker
Unmyelinated speeds = 0.5-10m/s
Myelinated = 150m/s

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17
Q

Brain stem

A

Sits at the top of the spinal cord and is made up of 3 parts;
- medulla
- pons
- cerebellum

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18
Q

What is the role of the medulla

A

Controls basic motor functions (cardiac, respiration and reflexes)

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19
Q

What is the role of the pons

A

Contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
The nuclei deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, posture etc.

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20
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Maintenance of balance and posture
Coordination of movements
Motor learning

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21
Q

Role of midbrain

A
  • Tectum controls rapid orientation of head and neck
  • Also associated with sleep wake cycles, alertness and temp regulation
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22
Q

Role of thalamus

A

Takes information from the periphery and passes it onto the cortex

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23
Q

Role of basal ganglia

A
  • Movement regulation
  • Skill learning
  • Habit formation
  • Reward systems
  • Selection of appropriate behaviours
  • Self-inhibition of behaviours
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24
Q

Role of the cerebral cortex

A
  • Movement
  • Attention
  • Perception
  • Awareness
  • Thought
  • Memory
  • Language
  • Conciousness
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25
Q

What is the cortical sheet

A

Has 6 layers that are highly folded with folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

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26
Q

How do you count brain cells

A

Brain cells can be measured by dissolving the cells and surrounding structure but leaving each cell nuclei whole
These nuclei are an isotropic suspension

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27
Q

How much energy does the human brain consume

A

20% of the total energy generated in the body

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28
Q

What percentage of body weight is the brain

A

2%

29
Q

How much cardiac output is directed to the brain

A

15-20%

30
Q

What is the marker for the tissue uptake of glucose

A

Flurodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)

31
Q

What is the middle of the spinal cord made of

A

Neurones and other cells (grey matter)

32
Q

What is the outside of the spinal cord made of

A

Fibres (white matter) that carry information up and down the cord

33
Q

Where does sensory information come from

A

Sensory information comes into the spinal cord at the dorsal horn

34
Q

Where are motor neurones located

A

In the ventral spinal cord

35
Q

What are the 2 major descending systems

A

Lateral descending system
Medial descending system

36
Q

What is the lateral descending system

A

The corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts

37
Q

Where are the fibres of the lateral system located

A

In the dorso-lateral part of the spinal cord
They connect to motor neurones in the lateral part of the ventral horn

38
Q

What is the medial descending system

A

The vestibulospinal and reticospinal tracts

39
Q

Where are the fibres of the medial system located

A

In the ventro-medial part of white matter
They connect to motor neurones in the medial part of the ventral horn

40
Q

Role of the dorsal column pathway

A

Carries sensory information from the joint and skin

41
Q

Role of the spinothalamic pathway

A

The lateral spinothomatic tract conveys crude touch, pain and temperature

42
Q

What are the dorsal root ganglion

A

The cell bodies of incoming sensory neurones lie outside the spine in a series of ganglion

43
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

44
Q

What are dermatomes

A

An area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root

45
Q

What is rate coding in the motor system

A

Motor neurones use a rate code to signal the amount of force to be exerted by a muscle

46
Q

What is the vestibulospinal system

A

The sensory system that provides the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance

47
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract

A

Originates in the vestibular nuclei
They send most of their output to the spinal cord and to the muscles that move the eyes

48
Q

What is the reticular formation

A

A set of interconnected nuclei located at the bottom of the brain stem

49
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract

A

Originates in reticular formation
These tracts function in maintaining tone, balance and posture

50
Q

What volume of the brain does the cerebellum take up

A

10%

51
Q

What is the input : output connections ratio in the cerebellum

A

40:1

52
Q

How many neurones are in the cerebellum

A

69B

53
Q

Superior cerebellar penduncle

A

Efferent (out) pathway to the red nucleus and the cortex (via the thalamus) and sup colliculus

54
Q

Middle cerebellar penduncle

A

Most fibres originate in the pons
Input from sensory, visual, vestibular and motor systems
Largest input is from the cortex

55
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Carries information to and from the spinal cord (and the body) and vestibular nuclei

56
Q

What is the red nucleus

A

A roughly spherical collection of cell bodies in the midbrain
It is extremely vascular
It receives a very large input from the cerebellum and from the primary motor cortex

57
Q

Role of basal ganglia

A
  • movement regulation
  • skill learning
  • habit formation
  • reward systems
  • selection of appropriate behaviours
  • self-initiation of behaviours
58
Q

Direct pathway through the basal ganglia

A

Short loop
Has excitatory effect on cortex
Net effect is pro-movement

59
Q

Indirect pathway through basal ganglia

A

Long loop
Has inhibitory effect
Net effect is anti-movement

60
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Neurones in the primary motor cortex have a simple relationship to movement
They fire around 5-100ms before movement onset and can code for the basic parameters of movement ie, force, direction, extent, speed

61
Q

Non-primary motor cortex

A

Neurones in the non-primary motor cortex have a more complex relationship to movement
They code more complex aspects like pre-motor cortex and supplementary motor cortex

62
Q

Pre-motor cortex

A
  • planning movement
  • spatial guidance of movement
  • sensory guidance of movement
63
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

A
  • coordinating temporal sequences of actions
  • bimanual coordination
  • initiation of internally generated as opposed to stimulus driven movement
64
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

Touch - vibration, pain, heat, pressure
Proprioception - afferent information eg, joint position sense, kinaesthesia, sensation of resistance

65
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

Integration of sensory and visual information to execute complex movement in the environment

66
Q

What is the corticospinal tract

A

The most important tract in the human for precise control of the limbs

67
Q

Origin of the corticospinal tract

A

Primary motor cortex (30%)
Premotor, supplementary (30%)
Somatosensory, parietal, cingulate (40%)

68
Q

How many fibres are in the corticospinal tract

A

1 million
90% cross at lower medulla

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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