The end of apartheid and the creation of the 'rainbow nation' 1984-94 Flashcards
When was a new SA constitution agreed and which Act was it?
December 1993, Act 200
When was the Six Day War and where?
February 1986 in Alexandra, Johannesburg
Why were white civil servant pensions guaranteed in the new constitution?
In order to Africanise the civil service - white’s had the security to leave
What did Poqo turn into by the 90s, and what was the name of the far right white militant group of the 90s?
Azanian People’s Liberation Army, and the Afrikaner Weerstand Beweging with storming of negotiating halls to stop them and desire for white homeland
How did Botha tackle black uprisings?
State of Emergency in 1985 and 86, as well as bulldozing and burning houses in Alexandra, and 25,000 arrests 1986-7
What was the SA electoral system?
Proportional representation and party lists
Why were black councils unpopular (not in terms of race)?
To improve services, housing rent taxes had to be increased, and controlling black informal settlements was met with tensions
Example of growing black business of 80s
Taxi business
When did violence become far more popular for students?
After 1984 Vaal Triangle killing of councillors when the Cape Town tricameral parliament opened
What was the ‘third force?’
The idea that the government was threatening the ANC through secret vigilante means, shown clearest in evidence of Inkatha training
Which group of the Tripartite Alliance protected black workers when in government in 1994?
COSATU
Why did the fall in the Berlin Wall threaten apartheid?
There was no need for an anti-communist bulwark in Africa
Which laws gave blacks a larger political voice?
Community Council Act of 1977 and Black Local Authorities Act of 1982, more black local representation
Which event threatened talks in April 1993?
Whites assassinating Chris Hani
When did de Klerk unban political parties (and free Mandela) and how was this agreed?
February 1990, returning to the presidentialism of Botha as the parliament was not consulted
How many seats did the NP, Conservatives and Democrats win in 1989 in the white House of Parliament?
94, 39, 33, a big step backwards for the NP
What did COSAS support in 1984-5?
School stayaways in the townships
How did Mandela try to avoid ‘black on black’ violence and what was the result?
He made an accord with Buthelezi to stop the violence in 1991, but it was not adhered to with 45 dying in Alexandra in March
How did Total Strategy change in the 1980s?
From a more violent, yet expensive tactic in the beginning, a more diplomatic approach was taken
Which group allied with the UDF in 1983?
COSAS
Which protections under the constitution were for great importance to whites?
Property rights
What did De Klerk do on ascension to power?
Reduced power of military in terms of State Security Council and it’s joint management systems
How did Matanzima act while in power?
Gave himself unlimited power in Public Safety Act of 1977, as well as banning Methodist Church or any that opposed homelands
Who was elected Secretary General of the ANC in 1991 and what did this signify for the movement?
Cyril Ramaphosa, a trade unionist who brought UDF and COSATU closet to the ANC
How did the ANC spread it’s message to SA?
Through Radio Freedom
Why did many whites in 1989 see the end of apartheid as a good thing?
The civil violence threatened their way of life, and Mandela was pro-settlement to end violence (the alternative therefore being more crackdowns and violence)
What occurred during the Six Day War?
A night vigil for Michael Diradeng, a political activist killed by a security guard, turned violent, with many killed on both sides before the police surrounded the township
How were the provinces and homelands redistributed in 1994 and how many did the ANC win?
9 provinces in total, 7 of which ANC won
Why was Thatcher unpopular with the ANC and when did Mandela meet her?
Disagreement over sanctions, support of Buthelezi over ANC and liberation movement, they met in July 1990
Which group renounced apartheid in the late 80s, and which group surprisingly negotiated with Mandela at the same time?
Dutch Reformed Church, and Broederbond leadership
What did the ANC ask for in 1984?
To make the country ungovernable
When did the United Democratic Front begin and who led it?
1983, wives of Mandela and Sisulu as well as religious figures like Tutu and Chikane
When did Mandela become president of the ANC and why?
July 1991 elected, as Tambo was ill
How did the ANC and CP more actively try to take down homeland power in 1992?
80,000 march on Ciskei and the leader Brigadier Gqozo, though 29 died
When did De Klerk come to power, and what was he before this time?
1989, Chairman of the Transvaal provincial NP
What did de Klerk do in June 1991?
Revoked Group Areas Act and Population Registration Act
What were Buthelezi’s ideas?
Protecting regional identities, free market values, single SA nation, anti-radical protests
Example of a political leader who would work within the apartheid system
Allan Hendrickse who led the Labour Party
How did rural rebellions develop during the 80s?
They worked along similar, youth-led, paths but with some opposition killed for witchcraft
How did Winnie Mandela act towards the comtsotsis?
She supported them, saying that the necklacing could liberate them
How many stayed away in COSATU protests of 1988-89?
2.5-3 million
Why were black councils unpopular in terms of race?
Councillors were seen as sell-outs, being used by the NP in order to pass responsibility for black poverty onto blacks, also elections seen as rigged a fraudulent
Who took over from the UDF after it’s banning?
COSATU and by affiliation Mass Democratic Movement
Which ANC organization tried to work homeland leaders onside and when did this begin?
CONTRALESA in 1987
How many died in SA due to political violence 1990-94?
Around 14,000
When did Mandela and de Klerk get their Nobel Peace Prize?
1993
Number of police in 1981 and 1994?
49,000 up to nearly 140,000
What was set up in September 1993 to begin takeover of government of ANC and NP together?
Transitional Executive Committee
What percentage of votes in 1994 won by ANC, NP, Inkatha and Democratic Party?
62.6%, 20.4%, 10.5% and 1.7%
What part of the CP in the ANC did the NP fear?
The second stage of revolution, a socialist state
What did de Klerk do in June 1990?
Relaxed Group Areas Act such as in Hillbrow and lift state of emergency
What was life like under the ‘young lions of Alexandra?’
Comtsotsis ruled, creating a liberated new order while those who did not support them or their boycotts were necklaced
