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History A-Level Pearson Edexcel - USA 1917-1980, South Africa 1948-1994, British Empire 1763-1914 > Society and culture in change 1917-80 > Flashcards

Society and culture in change 1917-80 Flashcards

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1
Q

What gave women suffrage and when was it passed?

A

19th Amendment, 18th of August 1920

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2
Q

What early movement attempted to register women to vote?

A

League of Women Voters

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3
Q

Percentage of women who worked in 1910 and 1940

A

8.3% and 9.8%

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4
Q

What was set up in 1920 that shows the new importance of women in the workplace

A

Women’s Bureau of Labor

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5
Q

Which group of people in the 1920s represent a new freedom for women?

A

Flappers

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6
Q

What shows that women’s freedoms were limited during the depression?

A

In 1932, 97% of the meat packing industry female workforce worked as the only worker, or to supplement the man’s wages to get by (not choice work)

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7
Q

What New Deal measure helped unemployed women?

A

Women CCC, with Camp Tera in 1933 and by 1936 there were 36 camps taking 5,000 women a year

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8
Q

What New Deal measure helped the family?

A

New Deal’s Aid For Families with Dependent Children

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9
Q

Which group tried to help women and blacks in 1930?

A

Housewives League in Detroit tried to get women to shop at black stores and support each other

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10
Q

What freed women in the home in 1941?

A

Lanham’s Act extended childcare provisions, 130,000 children in day care by 1944

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11
Q

Percentage of married women in workforce before and after war

A

15% to 23%

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12
Q

What wartime initiative gave women work?

A

Women’s Land Army of America (for agricultural jobs)

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13
Q

What caused a decease in employment of women after the war?

A

Not being re-employed at factories, social pressures, cut in day care funding

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14
Q

Percentage of people who thought married women should not work in 1936 and 1942

A

82% and then 13%

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15
Q

How did the war help women gain work in professions?

A

They were trained by the army ie nurses, they also had an aptitude and appetite for work

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16
Q

How did black women get jobs during the 50s often?

A

They worked domestically for rich whites in the suburbs

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17
Q

How many people moved to the suburbs in the 50s?

A

19 million

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18
Q

What caused women to want to come back to work while being in the suburbs?

A

With the amenities and labour-saving devices of a new house, women had too much free time

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19
Q

Why were the suburbs popular?

A

Adverts made them seem like the American Dream, and TV shows like I Love Lucy made them seem great

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20
Q

What occurred in cities during the move to suburbia?

A

Those who were left were usually those who couldn’t, putting the centre of cities into a downward spiral

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21
Q

What was immigration in 1882 and 1907?

A

650,000 a year to 1.2 million a year

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22
Q

What percentage of immigrants were from Southern and Eastern Europe in 1882 and 1907?

A

From 13% up to 81%

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23
Q

Which report caused action to be taken on immigration?

A

Dillingham Commission of 1911, new immigrants are racially inferior

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24
Q

Which group caused action to be taken on immigration?

A

Immigration Restriction League, forced 1917 Immigration Act through Congress

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25
Q

Percentage of Americans who were foreign born or had foreign born parents - 1910 and 1920

A

74% up to 85%

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26
Q

What did the 1921 Emergency Quota Act do?

A

Restrict immigration to 3% of total in 1910

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27
Q

What did the 1924 Emergency Quota Act do?

A

Limit to 2% of population based on 1890 census, then in 1927 limit to 150,000, created 85% of new immigrants from good Europe and no Eastern Asians

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28
Q

What occurred with Hispanics before the Wall Street Crash?

A

Many came over to supply cheap labour and exploited, in particular the illegals due to fear of deportation

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29
Q

What occurred with Hispanics after the Wall Street Crash?

A

They were deported by more strict officials, around 400,000 Mexicans during the depression

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30
Q

What occurred in cities to do with ethnic populations in the 1920s?

A

The ethnicities created their own districts such as Chinatown or Little Italy

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31
Q

What shows the effect of immigrants in politics in the 1920s?

A

Election of Roosevelt as he acquired support from migrants who disliked being exploited by laissez-faire

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32
Q

What shows how immigrants were taking over America in the 1920s?

A

Al Smith, NY Governor and 1928 Presidential Candidate had an Irish-American mother

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33
Q

How many Japanese were put in War Relocation Camps in WWII?

A

120,000

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34
Q

What did WWII do to affect immigrant-native relations?

A

They worsened, as Japanese, German and Italians were treated with suspicion, and their shops were picketed

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35
Q

What caused a positive reaction to immigrants during WWII?

A

Like the Tuskegee Airmen, immigrants like Admiral Chester Nimitz (a German) were made heroes

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36
Q

What caused a shift in policy away from quotas?

A

It did not allow for refugees, like those from communism

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37
Q

After Castro seized power, how many Cubans fled to America?

A

200,000

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38
Q

How can the Presidency be seen to affect immigration in the 60s?

A

JFK wrote a book - A Nation of Immigrants - and tried to pass a law removing quotas in a similar vein, LBJ finally passed it in 1965 admitting 290,000 in a year

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39
Q

What piece of legislation in 1953 shows a change in attitude towards migrants?

A

The 1953 Refugee Relief Act allows 214,000 migrants from Europe

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40
Q

How did Asian immigration change in the 60s and 70s?

A

130,000 Vietnamese taken after fall of Saigon, and JFK Act allowing more Asian immigrants means that increased migration from these areas

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41
Q

Which 2 pieces of legislation show a changing attitude towards Hispanics after WWII?

A

1954 Operation Wetback, and 1976 Immigration and Nationality Act expanded to western hemisphere

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42
Q

How many illegal Mexicans came to America in the 1970s per year?

A

Averaging over 60,000 illegals a year

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43
Q

What kind of attitude about migrants increased in the 1970s?

A

A dislike and fear of migrants taking jobs, and being a drain on the economy - nativism

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44
Q

What was the last straw for immigration fearmongerers?

A

1980 Cuban immigrants appearing in Florida due to housing crisis in Cuba

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45
Q

When did licensed radio start broadcasting?

A

1920

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46
Q

2 examples of use of radio during 30s for gain in politics

A

Roosevelt’s fireside chats, and his use of Happy Days are Here Again in campaign

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47
Q

How many cinema seats per person were there in 1941?

A

12.5

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48
Q

During the 30s, how did the people connect to stars?

A

Using the 20 fan magazines in circulation, which had power over Hollywood in forming opinions of it

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49
Q

How can the studios in Hollywood be seen to be powerful in cinema 1930-50?

A

They made 90% of movies, and the 8 companies there had a monopoly of control over the industry

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50
Q

How many films did Clara Bow star in in 1925?

A

15 movies for the It girl

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51
Q

Example of extra revenue measures in the 30s/40s by Hollywood?

A

$500,000 deal between Coke and MGM

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52
Q

How did the movies self-regulate in 1929-30, up to 1966?

A

Hays Code

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53
Q

Apart from the Hays Code, what shows a changing attitude of movie producers towards stars in the 30s?

A

‘Morality clauses’ meant that if stars were employed, they had to have a restrained private life

54
Q

What offended people about jazz?

A

Promiscuous dances such as Black Bottom, as well as connotation to sexual freedom and black artists playing it

55
Q

How many homes had a gramophone in 1929?

A

50%

56
Q

What happened after the depression in the area of music?

A

Radio took off as it was cheaper, and gramophone sales crashes; 1929 150m record sales, 1935 25m sales

57
Q

How did launches of radio stations help their success?

A

First one, KDKA in 1920 launched on Election Day, while in 1926 NBC (first national radio) opened with a football game

58
Q

How did personalities grow in the radio?

A

Preachers, such as Father Coughlin had many listeners (30 million in 1930) so had sway over population ie with support for New Deal

59
Q

What shows the extent of growth in the radio in the 1920s?

A

Radio Act of 1927 had to set up federal licensing of airwaves and 500 stations by 1922

60
Q

How did advertisement change with TV in the 50s?

A

The adverts targeted certain groups like children with ads to get them to pressure parents for certain gifts

61
Q

How can TV be seen as important in elections?

A

1952 Eisenhower and 1960 Kennedy uses TV well to look presidential while Nixon in 1960 seems off in debates so loses

62
Q

How did TV change in the 50s and 60s?

A

Less live filming (1953-80% down to 1960-36%) and more crime and violence on TV which irritated conservatives

63
Q

When was PBS and Sesame Street set up?

A

1967 and then 1969

64
Q

What does Sesame street show about PBS?

A

Liberal agenda it had, as well as educational desire and more racial tolerance

65
Q

How did TV affect people in a political sense?

A

They were better informed as most people would happily watch TV while not all would read newspapers

66
Q

How does TV become more critical of politicians in the 60s and 70s?

A

Shows like Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In directly criticised politicians, as well as MASH which criticised foreign policy and in depth news reports

67
Q

How did broadcast news affect the great depression?

A

Radio and newspapers reported the crash, causing fears in stocks causing more to be sold off

68
Q

How did broadcast news change the reporting of WWII?

A

Ed Murrow in London, as well as on the front line, told the war story directly to the USA as it happened

69
Q

How did broadcast news affect the Red Scare?

A

Ed Murrow’s See It Now show exposed McCarthy as a liar and bully in 1953 and 1954

70
Q

How did broadcast new affect people’s estimation of the Presidency in 1973?

A

The Watergate Hearing were shown on TV (all 250 hours) causing people to trust less in the government as they watched people testify against Nixon

71
Q

How did broadcast news change with the Vietnam War?

A

More critical of the government, with Walter Cronkite’s 1968 documentary of Vietnam, news began to shape people’s opinion or at least reinforce it

72
Q

How can Jimmy Carter’s experience with the media show the changing attitude of broadcast news?

A

As they were very critical of him ie ‘killer-rabbit attack’, he was target maybe because he was a bad president or that the media preferred Reagan, very unlike Roosevelt and polio though

73
Q

Where were women worst off in the whole time period/

A

Rural females, cut off from urban women who were more likely to seize gains made in the workplace

74
Q

Date and location of first mall

A

1954 Detroit suburbs, a focal point for rural housewives to meet

75
Q

What was set up by Kennedy in 1961 to do with women?

A

Commission of Enquiry on the Status of Women

76
Q

What was passed in 1963 to do with women?

A

Equal Pay Act

77
Q

What did the 1963 report find?

A

Discrimination in wages, training and promotion, and women not encouraged to go into work from a young age like men, counsellors set up with Education Act of 1958 not effective at helping

78
Q

How many counsellors for women were there in 1963?

A

12,000, not enough to help them

79
Q

When was The Feminine Mystique written by who?

A

1963 Betty Friedman

80
Q

What was the result of The Feminine Mystique?

A

NOW set up in 1966 with Freidman as a founding member to push for better enforcement of Equal Pay/Civil Rights Act, education for women to help them

81
Q

When had women started calling for ERA?

A

1923, Alice Paul and Women’s Party

82
Q

What was set up to do with women in 1969 and 1971?

A

National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws, and then National Women’s Political Caucus

83
Q

How did the radical branch of women’s liberation begin?

A

Young female members of SNCC and SDS reacted to sexist nature of men in these associations by setting up their own small groups

84
Q

What was began in March 1968 for young radicals?

A

Voice of the Women’s Liberation Movement, not that well selling but set the path for future

85
Q

Example of joint complaint of MLK and radicals?

A

Irritation with media focus on extremist position

86
Q

When was the joint women’s strike and what happened?

A

26 August 1970, many women from all groups from NOW to radicals stopped working, some protested, 3 unifying demands of equal opportunity in workplace, free childcare and free abortion on demand

87
Q

2 examples of books in 70s on women’s issues

A

1970 - Kate Millet’s Sexual Politics on literature (a bit of a joke) and Gloria Steinem’s Ms magazine from 1972, for professional women

88
Q

What happened to NOW membership after the 1970 strike?

A

It increased by 50%

89
Q

Why was timing poor for women’s movement?

A

Turn to the 1970s and conservative backlash led to overall rejection of ideas compared to more liberal 1960s

90
Q

Examples of anti-ERA movements

A

Phyllis Schlafly’s STOP ERA from 1972 and Eagle Forum, to protect traditional women’s privileges such as not working in the army

91
Q

Presidential Action to help women

A

1967 LBJ executive order for affirmative action in federal jobs expanded to women

92
Q

1972 case helping women

A

Eisenstadt v Baird 1972 allowing contraception for unmarried as well as married women

93
Q

How many states didn’t sign up to ERA by 1982?

A

15

94
Q

When did the USA sign up to the UN policy of non-discrimination against women?

A

1979

95
Q

What happened to the women’s movement in the late 1970s?

A

Fragmentation due to singularly middle class nature of work, new groups such as Congress of Labour Union Women and Mexican American Women’s Organization

96
Q

2 examples of early suffrage women’s protests

A

Women’s Party led by Alice Paul picketed White House and went on hunger strike, and Carrie Cart of National Suffrage Association led Leslie’s Weekly magazine to campaign for female suffrage

97
Q

Roosevelt gain with women in government

A

Frances Perkins in 1933 as first female cabinet member and Secretary of Labour

98
Q

Number of women in WWII military roles

A

200,000 in Women’s Army Corps and navy version

99
Q

Facts about women’s rise in WWII employment

A

Increase of 50% in female employment since 1941, in 1944 women were 14% of all workers and 40% of aircraft plant workers

100
Q

Birth rate per 1000 in 1940 and 1946

A

19.4 and 24 a year

101
Q

Type of jobs women did in 1950s

A

Service industry or clerical

102
Q

Women in home book

A

1947 Modern Woman: The Lost Sex by Farnham and Lundberg, science proves women can enjoy domesticity

103
Q

States laws on women in 1950s

A

18 states refused female jurors and 6 banned female financial agreements with a male co-signatory

104
Q

Proportion of women feeling discriminated against in 1960 and 1974

A

1/4 and 2/3rds

105
Q

Women’s wages a proportion of men’s in 1980

A

62%

106
Q

Success of university women

A

By mid-1970s 90% were in work outside the home

107
Q

Date of Sacco and Vanzetti case

A

1920 crime, prosecuted in 1921, death in 1927

108
Q

Percentage of farm labour done in the West by Mexicans in 1920s

A

75%

109
Q

Facts about move to cities

A

1920 census showed more lived in urban areas for first time, and 6 million more moved from the country in 1920s

110
Q

Examples of city-orientated business

A

Birmingham for steel, Houston for oil and Detroit for cars

111
Q

Numbers in Great Migration

A

1.5m blacks in 1920s

112
Q

Why could blacks not move up the housing ladder?

A

White restrictive covenants to stop people selling or renting to blacks

113
Q

Growth of suburbs in 1920s

A

Growth in suburbs was 5 to 10 times faster than in cities, desire by suburbanites to retain non-city status

114
Q

Act of 1952 on immigration

A

McCarran-Walter Act, quotas of Asians, no racial barrier for Asians to naturalize as US citizens, and family reunifications allowed 45,000 Japanese to enter in 1950s

115
Q

Number of legal immigrants and proportion of Europeans in 1970s

A

450,000 with less than 20% European, changing greatly the make-up of some areas

116
Q

First proper talkie

A

The Jazz Singer in 1927

117
Q

Power of cinema over people

A

Directors such as Frank Capra and John Ford created the myths and culture of the era - 1939 Gone with the Wind

118
Q

Impact of WWII on cinema

A

Carried on as normal with Office of War Information supervision, cinema ticket sales reached all time high in 1946

119
Q

Start of jazz success

A

Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1917 raised profile and desire for the black music in north

120
Q

Power of swing

A

1935 Benny Goodman with big band - turned to interest in main singer with Frank Sinatra

121
Q

2 classic 1920s style of entertainment

A

Crooners of Bing Crosby and Broadway

122
Q

Radio share of advertising in 1928 and 1945

A

1% to 15%

123
Q

Percentage of people with colour TV in 1970

A

38%

124
Q

Violence on TV in 1950s

A

Gunsmoke as a western and 77 Sunset Strip as a detective series

125
Q

Example of power of TV in 1950s

A

Importance of Ed Sullivan Show in launching Elvis and anybody else

126
Q

Percentage with radio in late 1930s

A

80%

127
Q

Growth of TV news

A

Lost money in early days so only 15 minute broadcasts, then 30 minutes from 1963 with CBS and NBC

128
Q

1963 report on TV news

A

Americans main source of information was the TV

129
Q

1970s TV news

A

Late 1970s saw 60 Minutes of CBS gaining great popularity as did morning news programmes

130
Q

3 effects of TV on life in 1950s

A

1952 Checkers Speech on TV for Nixon, 29m watched Ike inauguration, 1954 Army-McCarthy

131
Q

How many people watched the 1960 Presidential debate?

A

60 million

History A-Level Pearson Edexcel - USA 1917-1980, South Africa 1948-1994, British Empire 1763-1914 (17 decks)

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