The ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What does SLL stand for?

A

Standard Limb Leads

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2
Q

Which plane do standard limb leads view events?

A

Vertical/Frontal

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3
Q

Where are SLL 1 connected?

A

Left arm with respect to the right arm

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4
Q

Where are SLL 2 connected?

A

Left leg with respect to the right arm

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5
Q

Where are SLL 3 connected?

A

Left leg with respect to the left arm

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6
Q

What do the standard limb leads measure?

A

The difference in potential between the two limbs that are being recorded

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7
Q

When measuring from the electrode on the left leg, would the potential be positive or negative in relation to the right arm?

A

Positive

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8
Q

Would a wave of repolarisation approaching the left leg cause a positive or negative potential relative to the right arm?

A

Negative

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9
Q

Would a wave of depolarisation going away from the left leg cause a positive or negative potential relative to the right arm?

A

Negative

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10
Q

What does the P wave on an ECG represent?

A

Atrial Depolarisation

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11
Q

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

A

Ventricular Depolarisation

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12
Q

What does the T wave on an ECG represent?

A

Ventricular Repolarisation

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13
Q

What is the PR interval?

A

The time from atrial depolarisation to ventricular depolarisation

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14
Q

What is the normal value for the PR interval?

A

0.12-0.2 seconds

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15
Q

What is the QRS?

A

The time taken for the whole of the ventricle to depolarise

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16
Q

What is the normal value for QRS?

A

0.08 seconds

17
Q

What is the QT interval?

A

The time spent while ventricles are depolarised

18
Q

What is the normal value for the QT interval?

A

It varies with heart rate but is normally about 0.42 seconds at 60bpm

19
Q

Why isn’t atrial repolarisation visible on an ECG?

A

Because atrial repolarisation coincides with ventricular depolarisation which involves much more tissue depolarising much faster and so swamps any signal from atrial repolarisation

20
Q

What does the Q part of the QRS complex represent?

A

The interventricular septum depolarising from left to right

21
Q

What does the R wave of the QRS complex represent?

A

The bulk of the ventricle depolarising from the endocardial to the epicardial surface

22
Q

What does the S wave of the QRS complex represent?

A

The upper part of the interventricular septum depolarises

23
Q

Why is the R wave bigger in SLL 2 than in SLL 1 or 3?

A

Because the main vector of depolarisation is in line with the axis of the recording from the left leg with respect to the right arm

24
Q

Why is the T wave positive?

A

Because the wave of repolarisation is moving away from the recording electrode

25
What extra information do the augmented limb leads give you?
Three different perspectives on events in the heart
26
Where does aVR record from?
Right arm
27
Where does the aVL record from?
Left Arm
28
Where does the aVF record from?
Foot
29
What extra information do the precordial (chest) leads give you?
These look at the same events but in the transverse plane
30
How many precordial leads are there?
Six
31
Will the first chest lead (V1) record a positive or negative blip?
Negative
32
Will the sixth chest lead (V6) record a positive or negative blip?
Positive
33
What will happen at the third or fourth chest lead?
The negative blip will flip over and become a positive blip - progression
34
What can the rhythm strip tell you?
Heart Rate
35
What does bradycardia mean?
A heart rate below 60bpm
36
What does tachycardia mean?
A heart rate above 100bpm
37
What is STEMI?
ST elevated myocardial infarction
38
What is NSTEMI?
Non ST elevated myocardial infarction
39
Is STEMI better or worse than NSTEMI?
Worse