Anatomy of the CVS 1 & 2

Question 1

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 1

To distribute from the heart

Question 2

What is the function of the capillaries?

Answer 2

To exchange nutrients

Question 3

What is the function of veins?

Answer 3

To collect and return blood to the heart

Question 4

Where in the thoracic cavity does the heart lie?

Answer 4

In the middle mediastinum

Question 5

What are the circulatory systems of the body?

Answer 5

Pulmonary, systemic, hepatic portal and lymphatic

Question 6

Which vertebrae does the heart lie in front of in the recumbent position?

Answer 6

T5-T8

Question 7

Where is the apex of the heart located?

Answer 7

The fifth left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 8

Which part of the heart makes up the base?

Answer 8

Left atrium

Question 9

What is dextrocardia?

Answer 9

When the left part of the heart points towards the right

Question 10

What lies anterior to the heart?

Answer 10

Sternum, costal cartilage and the thymus gland (in children)

Question 11

What lies posterior to the heart?

Answer 11

Oesophagus, descending aorta and thoracic vertebrae 5-8

Question 12

What lies latterly to the heart?

Answer 12

Lungs and phrenic nerve

Question 13

What lies inferiorly to the heart?

Answer 13

Diaphragm

Question 14

From inner to outer, what are the layers of the heart wall?

Answer 14

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (visceral pericardium), pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

Question 15

What tissues are the endocardium and the epicardium made up of?

Answer 15

Epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue

Question 16

Which of the layers of the heart wall forms the valves?

Answer 16

Endocardium

Question 17

What is the function of gap junctions?

Answer 17

Electrical communication

Question 18

What is the function of desmosomes?

Answer 18

Binding myocytes together

Question 19

Which layer of the heart wall contains the main coronary arteries?

Answer 19

Epicardium

Question 20

Which structures prevent valve failure?

Answer 20

Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

Question 21

What are the three abnormalities that can occur in valves?

Answer 21

Incompetence (widening), stenosis (narrowing) and endocarditis (infection)

Question 22

What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?

Answer 22

Tricuspid valve

Question 23

What is the name of the left atrioventricular valve?

Answer 23

Mitral valve

Question 24

What type of valves are the pulmonary and aortic valves?

Answer 24

semilunar valves

Question 25

What type of tissue is the cardiac skeleton made of?

Answer 25

Connective tissue

Question 26

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

Answer 26

Structural support and electrical insulation

Question 27

How does the cardiac skeleton provide structural support?

Answer 27

Atrioventricular septum, roots of great vessels, anchorage for valves and myocytes/capillary network

Question 28

In which areas does the cardiac skeleton provide electrical insulation?

Answer 28

From the atria to the ventricles and the myocardium from the great vessels

Question 29

What are the attachments of the pericardium?

Answer 29

Central tendon of the diaphragm, sternum and the roots of the great vessels

Question 30

What is the function of the serous pericardium?

Answer 30

To allow freedom of movement during the cardiac cycle

Question 31

Do arteries or veins have a thicker tunica media and a thinner tunica adventitia?

Answer 31

Arteries

Question 32

Which layers of blood vessels walls is missing in arterioles?

Answer 32

Tunica adventitia and the IEL

Question 33

Which type of nerves provide the rich innervation of arterioles?

Answer 33

Sympathetic nerves

Question 34

What is the local function of arterioles?

Answer 34

To control blood flow to the capillary bed

Question 35

What is the systemic function of arterioles?

Answer 35

To control blood pressure

Question 36

What is the only layer to the wall of a capillary?

Answer 36

Tunica intima

Question 37

What are pericytes?

Answer 37

Incomplete layers of cells surrounding the basement membrane

Question 38

What is the function of pericytes

Answer 38

They have contractile properties which help control flow of blood in the capillaries

Question 39

Is blood pressure in the capillaries high or low?

Answer 39

Low

Question 40

What are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 40

Complete, fenestrated and discontinuous

Question 41

What are the features of continuous capillaries?

Answer 41

They can control what is exchanged, material must pass through or between the cells - selective transport mechanisms

Question 42

Where can you find continuous capillaries?

Answer 42

Muscle

Question 43

What are the features of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 43

They have fenestrations (pores) with or without protein diaphragms

Question 44

Where can you find fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 44

Endocrine glands, kidneys etc.

Question 45

What are the features of discontinuous capillaries?

Answer 45

Gaps between the endothelial cells that allow free passage of fluid and cells

Question 46

Where would you find discontinuous capillaries?

Answer 46

Liver, spleen and bone marrow etc.

Question 47

What are sinusoids?

Answer 47

Larger diameter discontinuous capillaries

Question 48

Where are sinusoids found?

Answer 48

Where large amounts of exchange takes place e.g. liver, some endocrine glands

Question 49

What is the function of the arteriovenous shunts?

Answer 49

To bypass the capillary beds e.g. in thermoregulation

Question 50

What features of a blood vessel wall are thin or absent in veins?

Answer 50

IEL, OEL T media

Question 51

What is the function of the valves?

Answer 51

To prevent backflow

Question 52

What are the features of superficial veins?

Answer 52

Thick walled and no surrounding support

Question 53

What are the features of deep veins?

Answer 53

Thin walled and surrounding support from deep fascia and muscles

Question 54

What are the features of lymph capillaries?

Answer 54

Blind ended, thin endothelium, no fenestrations, absent basal lamina and anchoring filaments

Question 55

What is the name of the blood vessels that supply the bigger vessels?

Answer 55

Vasa vasorum

Question 56

Where are the lymphatics found in the blood vessels?

Answer 56

In the T. adventitia