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Cardiovascular > Anatomy of the CVS 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CVS 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To distribute from the heart

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2
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

To exchange nutrients

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3
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To collect and return blood to the heart

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4
Q

Where in the thoracic cavity does the heart lie?

A

In the middle mediastinum

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5
Q

What are the circulatory systems of the body?

A

Pulmonary, systemic, hepatic portal and lymphatic

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6
Q

Which vertebrae does the heart lie in front of in the recumbent position?

A

T5-T8

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7
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

The fifth left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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8
Q

Which part of the heart makes up the base?

A

Left atrium

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9
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

When the left part of the heart points towards the right

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10
Q

What lies anterior to the heart?

A

Sternum, costal cartilage and the thymus gland (in children)

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11
Q

What lies posterior to the heart?

A

Oesophagus, descending aorta and thoracic vertebrae 5-8

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12
Q

What lies latterly to the heart?

A

Lungs and phrenic nerve

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13
Q

What lies inferiorly to the heart?

A

Diaphragm

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14
Q

From inner to outer, what are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (visceral pericardium), pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

What tissues are the endocardium and the epicardium made up of?

A

Epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissue

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16
Q

Which of the layers of the heart wall forms the valves?

A

Endocardium

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17
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Electrical communication

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18
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Binding myocytes together

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19
Q

Which layer of the heart wall contains the main coronary arteries?

A

Epicardium

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20
Q

Which structures prevent valve failure?

A

Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

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21
Q

What are the three abnormalities that can occur in valves?

A

Incompetence (widening), stenosis (narrowing) and endocarditis (infection)

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22
Q

What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricuspid valve

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23
Q

What is the name of the left atrioventricular valve?

A

Mitral valve

24
Q

What type of valves are the pulmonary and aortic valves?

A

semilunar valves

25
Q

What type of tissue is the cardiac skeleton made of?

A

Connective tissue

26
Q

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Structural support and electrical insulation

27
Q

How does the cardiac skeleton provide structural support?

A

Atrioventricular septum, roots of great vessels, anchorage for valves and myocytes/capillary network

28
Q

In which areas does the cardiac skeleton provide electrical insulation?

A

From the atria to the ventricles and the myocardium from the great vessels

29
Q

What are the attachments of the pericardium?

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm, sternum and the roots of the great vessels

30
Q

What is the function of the serous pericardium?

A

To allow freedom of movement during the cardiac cycle

31
Q

Do arteries or veins have a thicker tunica media and a thinner tunica adventitia?

A

Arteries

32
Q

Which layers of blood vessels walls is missing in arterioles?

A

Tunica adventitia and the IEL

33
Q

Which type of nerves provide the rich innervation of arterioles?

A

Sympathetic nerves

34
Q

What is the local function of arterioles?

A

To control blood flow to the capillary bed

35
Q

What is the systemic function of arterioles?

A

To control blood pressure

36
Q

What is the only layer to the wall of a capillary?

A

Tunica intima

37
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Incomplete layers of cells surrounding the basement membrane

38
Q

What is the function of pericytes

A

They have contractile properties which help control flow of blood in the capillaries

39
Q

Is blood pressure in the capillaries high or low?

A

Low

40
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Complete, fenestrated and discontinuous

41
Q

What are the features of continuous capillaries?

A

They can control what is exchanged, material must pass through or between the cells - selective transport mechanisms

42
Q

Where can you find continuous capillaries?

A

Muscle

43
Q

What are the features of fenestrated capillaries?

A

They have fenestrations (pores) with or without protein diaphragms

44
Q

Where can you find fenestrated capillaries?

A

Endocrine glands, kidneys etc.

45
Q

What are the features of discontinuous capillaries?

A

Gaps between the endothelial cells that allow free passage of fluid and cells

46
Q

Where would you find discontinuous capillaries?

A

Liver, spleen and bone marrow etc.

47
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Larger diameter discontinuous capillaries

48
Q

Where are sinusoids found?

A

Where large amounts of exchange takes place e.g. liver, some endocrine glands

49
Q

What is the function of the arteriovenous shunts?

A

To bypass the capillary beds e.g. in thermoregulation

50
Q

What features of a blood vessel wall are thin or absent in veins?

A

IEL, OEL T media

51
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

To prevent backflow

52
Q

What are the features of superficial veins?

A

Thick walled and no surrounding support

53
Q

What are the features of deep veins?

A

Thin walled and surrounding support from deep fascia and muscles

54
Q

What are the features of lymph capillaries?

A

Blind ended, thin endothelium, no fenestrations, absent basal lamina and anchoring filaments

55
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that supply the bigger vessels?

A

Vasa vasorum

56
Q

Where are the lymphatics found in the blood vessels?

A

In the T. adventitia

Cardiovascular (23 decks)

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