Anatomy of the CVS (Thorax 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three divisions of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior

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2
Q

What are the main contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

Thymus gland, brachiocephalic veins, SVC, aortic arch, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct

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3
Q

What are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Oesophagus, vagus nerve, azygous vein, sympathetic trunk, thoracic duct, descending aorta and splanchnic nerve

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4
Q

Where does the cephalic vein run and where does it drain?

A

It runs up the lateral side of the arm and drains into the axillary vein

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5
Q

Where does the basilic vein run and which veins does it join with?

A

It runs up the arm on the medial side and becomes continuous with the brachial veins

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6
Q

What connects the basilic and cephalic veins?

A

The median cubital

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7
Q

Where does the median cubital lie?

A

Across the cubital fossa

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8
Q

Where does the long saphenous vein run and where does it drain?

A

It travels up the leg medially and drains into the femoral

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9
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein run and where does it drain?

A

It travels up the lower leg posteriorly and drains into the popliteal

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10
Q

What does the popliteal become proximally?

A

The femoral vein

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11
Q

What does the femoral become proximally?

A

The external iliac vein

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12
Q

Where does the subclavian artery arise from?

A

The aortic arch

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13
Q

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

At the lateral border of the 1st rib

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14
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the inferior border of the teres major muscle

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15
Q

Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar arteries?

A

The cubital fossa

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16
Q

What artery does the external iliac become in the anterior thigh?

A

The common femoral

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17
Q

What branches does the common femoral give off?

A

The superficial and deep femoral arteries

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18
Q

Where does the superficial femoral become the popliteal?

A

In the popliteal fossa

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19
Q

What artery does the posterior tibial artery give off?

A

Fibular artery

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20
Q

What artery does the anterior tibial artery become?

A

The dorsalis pedis

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21
Q

What are the layers of a blood vessel wall from inner to outer?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

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22
Q

What is the tunica intima composed of?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells and a small amount of subendothelial connective tissue

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23
Q

What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media?

A

The internal elastic lamina - a dense elastic membrane

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24
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

Smooth muscle, elastic fibres and connective tissue

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25
Q

What is the function of the tunica media?

A

Structural support, vasoreactivity and elasticity

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26
Q

What separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?

A

The external elastic lamina

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27
Q

What is the tunica adventitia composed of?

A

Connective tissue, nutrient vessels (vaso vasorum) and autonomic nerves (nervi vasorum)

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28
Q

What are the main features of arteries?

A

A thick smooth muscular wall, a small lumen and a round appearance

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29
Q

What are the main features of veins?

A

A thin wall, less smooth muscle than an artery and a wide lumen

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30
Q

What are the main features of cardiac muscle?

A

Branching striated fibres, central rounded nuclei and intercalated discs

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31
Q

What are the features of muscular (distributing) arteries?

A

Thick smooth muscle in the wall and few elastic fibres

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32
Q

What are the features of elastic (conducting) arteries

A

Numerous laminae of dark staining, wavy, elastic fibres in the wall amongst the smooth muscle

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33
Q

Which part of the heart makes up the right border?

A

Right atrium and SVC

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34
Q

Which part of the heart makes up the left border?

A

Left ventricle and aortic arch

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35
Q

Which part of the heart makes up most of the anterior surface?

A

Right ventricle

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36
Q

What is cardiomegaly

A

Enlargement of the heart

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37
Q

What are the main features of the right atrium?

A

Openings for the SVC and IVC and coronary sinus, interatrial septum, fossa ovalis, musculi pectinate and the tricuspid valve

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38
Q

What are the main features of the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carneae, moderator band, opening for pulmonary trunk and the interventricular septum

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39
Q

What are the main features of the left atrium?

A

Openings for the left and right superior and inferior pulmonary veins, Mitral valve and the chamber itself is small and smooth walled

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40
Q

What are the main features of the left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, trabeculae carneae, opening for the aorta, interventricular septum and a thick wall

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41
Q

Where does the right coronary artery arise from?

A

The right aortic sinus of the ascending aorta

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42
Q

Where does the right coronary artery run?

A

In the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus

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43
Q

Which branch does the right coronary artery give off at the inferior border?

A

The right marginal artery

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44
Q

Which branch does the right coronary artery give off on the posterior surface of the heart?

A

The posterior interventricular artery

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45
Q

Where does the left coronary artery arise from?

A

The left aortic sinus of the ascending aorta

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46
Q

Where does the left coronary artery run?

A

In the coronary sulcus

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47
Q

What branches does the left coronary artery divide into almost immediately?

A

The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

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48
Q

What arteries form the two anastomoses?

A

Anterior and posterior descending

Circumflex and right coronary artery

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49
Q

Where do the great, middle and small cardiac veins drain?

A

The coronary sinus lying alongside the circumflex

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50
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

The right atrium

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51
Q

Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain into?

A

The right atrium

52
Q

Which parts of the heart are innervated by the phrenic nerve?

A

The fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium - pain sensation

53
Q

Which parts of the heart are innervated by the vagus nerve?

A

The heart itself and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

54
Q

Which parts of the heart are innervated by the sympathetic fibres?

A

The heart muscle and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

55
Q

Where do the internal signals of the heart arise from?

A

The sinoatrial node

56
Q

Which bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

Manubrium

57
Q

Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1-4

58
Q

What plane separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum?

A

The sterno-manubrial plane (transverse)

59
Q

Which heart chamber forms the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

60
Q

Which heart chamber forms the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

61
Q

Which heart chambers form the inferior border of the heart?

A

Left and right ventricles

62
Q

Which heart chambers form the superior border of the heart?

A

Left and right atria

63
Q

Which heart chamber forms the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

64
Q

Which heart chamber forms the posterior surface/base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

65
Q

Which heart chambers form the inferior/diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Left and right ventricles

66
Q

Posterior to which bone is the heart situated?

A

`Sternum

67
Q

Anterior to which vertebrae is the heart situated?

A

T5-8

68
Q

What structure does the inferior surface of the heart lie upon?

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm

69
Q

At what vertebral level des the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?

A

T4

70
Q

At what vertebral level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

A

L4

71
Q

At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries bifurcate?

A

L5

72
Q

At which level do the external iliac arteries arise and what do they become?

A

They arise at T5 and become the femoral arteries

73
Q

At what level do the internal iliac arteries arise and where do they supply?

A

They arise at T5 and supply the pelvic viscera

74
Q

What are the tributaries of the SVC?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins and the azygous vein

75
Q

What are the tributaries of the IVC?

A

Left and right common iliac veins

76
Q

Which venous system drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to SVC?

A

Azygos venous system

77
Q

Where is the azygos vein found?

A

Immediately to the right of the descending thoracic aorta

78
Q

At what vertebral level does the hemiazygos vein drain into the azygos vein?

A

T8/9

79
Q

Which posterior chest wall arteries arise from the descending aorta?

A

Intercostal arteries

80
Q

Which part of the spinal nerve are the intercostal nerves formed from?

A

Ventral ramus

81
Q

Which artery is the origin of the internal thoracic artery?

A

Subclavian artery

82
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

On the posterior thoracic wall between the azygos vein and the descending aorta

83
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Into the medial end of the left subclavian vein

84
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Into the medial end of the right subclavian vein

85
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

The most inferior part of the thoracic duct

86
Q

Of the radial and ulnar arteries, which is the more superficial?

A

Radial artery

87
Q

Of the radial and ulnar arteries which is the larger of the two?

A

Radial artery

88
Q

Of what artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation?

A

External iliac artery

89
Q

Where does the popliteal artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries?

A

Distal end of the popliteus muscle posterior to the tibia

90
Q

Into which major vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

91
Q

Into which major vein does the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal vein?

92
Q

Between which two layers of the heart wall does the pericardial cavity lie?

A

Between the epicardium (visceral serous pericardium) and the parietal serous pericardium

93
Q

What type of cells make up the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

94
Q

What type of muscle makes up the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

95
Q

What type of cells make up the epicardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

96
Q

Which layer belongs both to the heart wall and to the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

97
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal

98
Q

Which layers of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres?

A

Fibrous pericardium and parietal serous pericardium

99
Q

What is the role of the left and right auricles?

A

To increase the capacity of the atrium and increase the volume of the heart

100
Q

Which tubular structure lies directly behind the left atrium?

A

Oesophagus

101
Q

Which chamber forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

102
Q

Which chamber forms the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

103
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

To allow blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium bypassing the lungs

104
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A

To act as a primary conducting pathway into the free wall originating from the right bundle branch

105
Q

How many times thicker is the left ventricular wall than the right?

A

Three times

106
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?

A

Three

107
Q

Which valve guards entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

108
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?

A

Two

109
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

To contract and prevent the cusps of the valves from turning inside out

110
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

To attach the cusps of the valve to the papillary muscles

111
Q

From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries rise?

A

From the left and right sinuses of the ascending aorta

112
Q

Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?

A

RCA and Circumflex

113
Q

Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?

A

Anterior and posterior descending

114
Q

Which cardiac vein runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery?

A

Great cardiac vein

115
Q

Which cardiac vein runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery?

A

Middle cardiac vein

116
Q

Which cardiac vein runs alongside the marginal artery?

A

Small cardiac vein

117
Q

What lies alongside the circumflex artery?

A

Coronary sinus

118
Q

Which veins drain directly into the right atrium?

A

Cardiac veins

119
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus located?

A

At the bifurcation of the trachea

120
Q

Which nerves pass through the cardiac plexus?

A

Vagus nerve and the spinal segments of T1-4

121
Q

Where is the sinu-atrial node located?

A

Near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

122
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

The inferior part of the interatrical septum

123
Q

Where is the atrioventricular bundle (of His) located?

A

Either side of the interventricular septum

124
Q

What type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Conducting and elastic

125
Q

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arterie?

A

Distributing and muscular