Anatomy of the CVS (Thorax 2) Flashcards
What are the three divisions of the inferior mediastinum?
Anterior, middle and posterior
What are the main contents of the superior mediastinum?
Thymus gland, brachiocephalic veins, SVC, aortic arch, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct
What are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum?
Oesophagus, vagus nerve, azygous vein, sympathetic trunk, thoracic duct, descending aorta and splanchnic nerve
Where does the cephalic vein run and where does it drain?
It runs up the lateral side of the arm and drains into the axillary vein
Where does the basilic vein run and which veins does it join with?
It runs up the arm on the medial side and becomes continuous with the brachial veins
What connects the basilic and cephalic veins?
The median cubital
Where does the median cubital lie?
Across the cubital fossa
Where does the long saphenous vein run and where does it drain?
It travels up the leg medially and drains into the femoral
Where does the short saphenous vein run and where does it drain?
It travels up the lower leg posteriorly and drains into the popliteal
What does the popliteal become proximally?
The femoral vein
What does the femoral become proximally?
The external iliac vein
Where does the subclavian artery arise from?
The aortic arch
Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
At the lateral border of the 1st rib
Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
At the inferior border of the teres major muscle
Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar arteries?
The cubital fossa
What artery does the external iliac become in the anterior thigh?
The common femoral
What branches does the common femoral give off?
The superficial and deep femoral arteries
Where does the superficial femoral become the popliteal?
In the popliteal fossa
What artery does the posterior tibial artery give off?
Fibular artery
What artery does the anterior tibial artery become?
The dorsalis pedis
What are the layers of a blood vessel wall from inner to outer?
Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia
What is the tunica intima composed of?
A single layer of endothelial cells and a small amount of subendothelial connective tissue
What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media?
The internal elastic lamina - a dense elastic membrane
What is the tunica media composed of?
Smooth muscle, elastic fibres and connective tissue
What is the function of the tunica media?
Structural support, vasoreactivity and elasticity
What separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?
The external elastic lamina
What is the tunica adventitia composed of?
Connective tissue, nutrient vessels (vaso vasorum) and autonomic nerves (nervi vasorum)
What are the main features of arteries?
A thick smooth muscular wall, a small lumen and a round appearance
What are the main features of veins?
A thin wall, less smooth muscle than an artery and a wide lumen
What are the main features of cardiac muscle?
Branching striated fibres, central rounded nuclei and intercalated discs
What are the features of muscular (distributing) arteries?
Thick smooth muscle in the wall and few elastic fibres
What are the features of elastic (conducting) arteries
Numerous laminae of dark staining, wavy, elastic fibres in the wall amongst the smooth muscle
Which part of the heart makes up the right border?
Right atrium and SVC
Which part of the heart makes up the left border?
Left ventricle and aortic arch
Which part of the heart makes up most of the anterior surface?
Right ventricle
What is cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart
What are the main features of the right atrium?
Openings for the SVC and IVC and coronary sinus, interatrial septum, fossa ovalis, musculi pectinate and the tricuspid valve
What are the main features of the right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carneae, moderator band, opening for pulmonary trunk and the interventricular septum
What are the main features of the left atrium?
Openings for the left and right superior and inferior pulmonary veins, Mitral valve and the chamber itself is small and smooth walled
What are the main features of the left ventricle?
Mitral valve, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, trabeculae carneae, opening for the aorta, interventricular septum and a thick wall
Where does the right coronary artery arise from?
The right aortic sinus of the ascending aorta
Where does the right coronary artery run?
In the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus
Which branch does the right coronary artery give off at the inferior border?
The right marginal artery
Which branch does the right coronary artery give off on the posterior surface of the heart?
The posterior interventricular artery
Where does the left coronary artery arise from?
The left aortic sinus of the ascending aorta
Where does the left coronary artery run?
In the coronary sulcus
What branches does the left coronary artery divide into almost immediately?
The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery
What arteries form the two anastomoses?
Anterior and posterior descending
Circumflex and right coronary artery
Where do the great, middle and small cardiac veins drain?
The coronary sinus lying alongside the circumflex
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
The right atrium