The Ecdyzozoans Flashcards
All of the ecdyzozoans do what? They all have one main trait
They all molt
Ecdysis
What type of phyletic group are the ecdyzoans?[
Monophyletic
What are the traits of the ecdyzozoans
Protostome Triploblast Bilateral No cilia Exoskeleton w collagen or chitin - makes cuticle
The exoskeleton pf the ecdyzozoans is made of what? What feature does it make and whats it’s purpose?
Collagen or chitin
Makes cuticle
Protects + inflexible
What is ecdysis? Why does it happen?
Moulting of old cuticle to grow new one
Happens so animal can grow in size
Hookworms, intestinal roundworms (acaris)… why phylum do these guys belong to under the ecdyzozoans
Phylum nemtoidea
How do worms in phylum nemtoidea defende theselves against host?
Impenetrable cuticle
Infections from nemtoidea worms happen when they burrow into your skin or you consume the fertilized eggs. Give examples of each type
Intestinal roundworms (acaris) - hatch in intestine -> blood -> lungs > tracea -> re-swallowed -> mature once back in intestine
Hookworms
- burrow into skin, blood suckers
- hook into intestinal wall
Horse hair worms (because they’re long and slender) are under what phylum
Nematomorpha
What phylum does the semi-parasitic worm that penetrates insects in water as juvenile, grows inside their hemocoel, exites the insect and lives in the water as a free living adult?
(Parasitic in arhtropods/insects as juveniles but free living adults)
Phylum nematomorpha
What are the 5 key body transitions lf nematoda/nematomorpha
Organ Bilateral Pseudocoelomate Triploblast protostomes ecdysozoa No
Panathropods is not a phylum but is a grouping of three phylums under the protostomes ecdyzozoans. What are these 3 phylum under the panathropods?
(Arthur’s on tar)
Arthropod
Onychophora
Tardigrada
Panarthropoda have a key feature - their coelomic cavity and the blastocoel make…
HEMOCOEL = coelomic cavity + blastocoel
What is the hemocoel in panarthropoda? Do they have real blood?
Blood cavity
Blood pools over organs - open circulatory system
Not real blood
They have hemolymph
Blood mixed with coelomic cavity
What is hemolymph?
Blood + coelomic cavity fluid
In panarthropods
Hemocoel
What phylum do the velvet worms that live in tropical and subtropical leafy habitats belong to?
Onychophora
Phylum onychophora have a soft cuticle… what does this do?
Hyrdophobic - repels water
Gives velvety look
What trait connects the onychophora with the tardigrada?
Unjointed legs
What phylum to the water bears belong to?
Tartidgrada
What are some key features of tardigrada? Are the legs jointed or unjointed? How many? What’s the pharync like? Do they do anything special if conditions become unfavourable?
8 unjointed legs
Sucking pharynx
- eat plant juice
Cytobiosis
- go dormant when conditions not good
Why are animals in phylum tardigrada thought to be aliens?
Cytobiosis
Go dormant when conditions aren’t good
Survive vacuum of space, high radiation levels, dessication, heat, extreme cold
Why are arthropods so diverse ? 5 reasons
- Exoskeleton - made of chitin, protection + movement, flexible + lightweight
- segmentation + appendages
- Respiration —> metabolism
- Sense organs
- Metamorphosis
Arthropods have tagmata… what is tagmata
Group of appendages
Work together for common function
Head, thorax, abdomen
What are the 3 main parts that diffrentiate the arthropods into their different groups
Exoskeleton, segments and appendages
Horshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions, sea spiders… what subphylum under phylum arthropoda do these guys belong to?
Chelicerata
Arthropods - subphylum chelicerata have 2 tagmata… what are these 2 tagmata
Cephalothorax + abdomen
What kind of appendages do subphylum chelicerata have of phylum arthropoda?
Chelicerae + pedipalps
4 pairs of walking legs
No mandibles, no antennae
Do chelicerata animals have antennae? Give examples of these animals
No antennae
Spiders, sea spiders, horseshoe crab, ticks, scorpions
What subphylum of arthropods have 1 antennae and mandibles, and its where the centipedes and millipedes belong?
Myriapoda
What is the tagmata of the myriapoda?
Head and trunk
What are mandibles?
Appendages on head
Used for chewing
How many legs per segment to centipedes have? How about millipedes?
Centipedes - 1 pair of legs per segment
Millipedes - 2 pairs of legs on abdominal segment
What kind of appendages do myriapoda have? (Subphylum under phylum arthropoda)
Uniramous Appendages / one sided appendages
The only group to have two pairs of antennae are the…
Crustecea
What kind of appendages to subphylum crustacea have under phylum arthropoda? which segments have appendages?
Biramous appendages.
- two branched appendages
Endopod + exopod
Generally - a pair of appendages on each segment
Think crabs + lobsters
What is the body plan of crusteceans generally
Carapace
Tagmata = thorax, abdomen + head
What is the carapace of crustaceans in their body plan?
Head + thorax segments
Chitinous exoskeleton
Dorsal side
What is the tagmata of crustaceans? Do they have segments?
Head, thorax + abdomen
They all have segments
What is each part of the tagmata of crustaceans used for?
Head = sensory + feeding
Thorax = moving + breathing (gills)
Abdomen = swimming
What kind of circulatory system to curstaceans have?
Open circulatory system with hemocoel synaptomorphy
What helps move hemolymph around the body of a crustecean
Limbs
Hemolymph exited heart through…
Once it passes to hemocoel (body cavity + blood) it returns to heart through…
Exits through arteries
Returns through sinuses
Do crustaceans have gills? If so where are they?
Yes, attached to appendages
The excretory and osmoregulation of crustaceans happens in what type of glands?
Antennal glands
What are 3 important internal form and function of crusteceans?
Open circulatory system
Gills
Antennal glands
How has the sensory system in crustaceans improved?
More fused ganglia
- nerves going to mouth, appendages, esophagus, antennae glands
Median eyes and compound eyes
- good at detecting motion + light
- statocyst + tactile hairs
- taste + smell
Can crustaceans smell? What about taste?
Yes, they are chemosensory
How do crustaceans reproduce?
Dieocious + internal fertilization
Most make eggs
Larval stages
Explain how crustaceans feed using the following structures:
Maxillipeds
Maxillae + mandibles
Claws + walking legs
Maxillipeds = hold food
Maxillae + mandibles = shred + put in mouth
Claws + walking legs = capture food
What are some examples of why crustaceans are ecologically important
Food chain + plankton
- krill, shrimp, copepods
- convert E from phytoplankton to larger zooplankton + vertebrates
Cleaner shrimp
Parasitic (tongue worms + fish louse)
Commercial - fisheries
What are the Malacostraca crustaceans of phylum arthropoda?
IDEA
Isopods
Decapods
Euphausiacea
Amphipods
What group of malacostraca crustaceans is D-V flattened, has no carapace (head + thorax), flat eyes and is mostly terrestrial species?
Isopods
What group doesn’t have carapace but is laterally flattened? (Malacostraca crustaceans)
Amphipods
What group of malacostraca crustaceans do krill belong to?
Euphausiacea
What group of malacostraca crustaceans do lobsters, shrimp, crabs belong to? What are the features important this group?
Decapods
10 legs total (5 pairs)
First walking legs made into claw
What subphylum of arthropoda have 6 legs and contain insects?
Hexapoda
What is the tagmata of hexpoda?
3 tagmata = head + thorax + abdomen
What kind of appendages do Hexapoda have?
Uniramous appendages
Where are the wings and the three pairs of legs (6 total) found in class insects of subphylum hexapoda?
Thorax
How many pairs of antennae do class insecta have?
One pair
Class insecta have all kinds of varied leg forms… describe the walking legs
Have terminal pads and claws
Class insecta have all kinds of varied leg forms… describe the hind legs
Enlarged for jumping
Grasshoppers
Class insecta have all kinds of varied leg forms… describe the paddles
For swimming insects
Class insecta have all kinds of varied leg forms… list the types of legs
Walking Hind Paddles Burrowing Grasp prey Collect pollen
What is a parasitoid (class insects, subphylum hexapoda)
Kills host
Host is usually another insect
What is an endoparasitoid? (Subphylum hexapoda, class insecta)
Hatch inside host
Eggs laid there by adult female
Feed + develop inside host
What is an ectoparasitoid? (Subphylum hexapoda, class insecta)
Outside host
Feed through skin
Sucking out fluids
What class and what is capable of flight?
Insecta
Wings are not appendages, they are…
Subphylum hexapoda, class insecta
Extensions on cuticle on thorax
Different type of wings depending on the insect... what kind of wings would the following have Flies Common type Beetles Butterflies +moths Grasshoppers Lice, bed bugs, fleas..
Flies = 2 wings Common = membranous, thin Beetles = thick, forewings Butterfly + moths = scaley Grasshoppers = parchment like Lice, bed bugs etc = no wings
Flight movement of insects is controlled by what structures?
Thorax + muscles connected directly and indirectly
What is the circulatory system of insects like?
Tubular heart
Pumps hemolymph (no oxygen)
What are spiracles that are seen in class insecta of subphylum hexapoda?
Open tracheal trunks
Valves that reduce water loss + dust filter
How many spiracles are on the throax? How many on the abdomen?
2 on thorax, 7-8 on abdomen
How does the tracheal system in insect work?
Spiracles -> trachea -> traceole -> cells
Cells always near traceole
Tubes/spiracles help bring air in
Did the tracheal system of insects evolve from the arthropods group?
No, evolved independently
How is water loss minimized among the insect’s traceal system?
Fluid is protected inside body, allowing O2 + CO2 transfer to happen across fluid barrier
No risk of evaporation
Is class insecta or subphylum hexapoda dioecious or monoecious?
Dioecious
How do insects reproduce?
Dioecious (m + f)
Internal fertilization
mate selection
Females lay eggs after fertilization
Insect development: molt between each stage. What is holometabolous
Complete metamorphosis
Egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult
Beetles, butterflies, flies (adults)
Grubs, caterpillars, maggots (larva)
Insect development; molt between each stage. What is hemimtabolous
Incomplete metamorphosis
Egg -> nymph -> adult
Nymph don’t have the same level of features as adults (no wings)
Dragonflies, grasshoppers
Which insect undergo direct developmeng
Early hexapods + silverfish
Some Insects display eusociality… what is this
True social behaviour
- Reproductive division of labour
- Overlapping generations
- Cooperative care of young
What are the 5 key body transitions of phylum arthropoda
Organ Bilateral Eucoelomate Triploblast - protostome - ecdyzozoa Yes
