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Animal Diversity > Deuterstomes > Flashcards

Deuterstomes Flashcards

1
Q

What are key features of a deuterstome

A

Radial cleavage

Regulative - each cell if split could make a complete embryo

Blastopore - anus first, mouth second

Coelom formation - out pocketing of mesoderm

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2
Q

The deuterstomes may be united by 4 embryological featuresbut they also share another feature from some point in their develpment/fossil record. What is this feature?

A

GILL SLITS IN PHARYNX

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3
Q

How is the coelom formation of deuterstomes different than protostomes?

A

Enterocoelous development = Coelom formed my out pocketing or mesoderm

Protos = meso splits making coelom, schizocoelom development

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4
Q

How is the blastopore fate different in deuters than protos

A

Deuters - anus first

Protos - mouth first

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5
Q

How is the regulativ / imdeterminate feature of deuters different in protos

A

Deuters - any cell can make embryo

Proto - fate of cell determined after first cleavage, one cell can only make one part of animal

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6
Q

Echinoderms are marine, freshwater, terretrial ?

A

Exclusively marine

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7
Q

What did echinoderms lose secondarily?

A

Cephalization

- no head, no brain, no heart, no bilateral symmetry

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8
Q

What are 5 unique features of phylum echinodermata of the deuterstomes?

A
  1. Calcareous endoskeleton
  2. Water vascular system
  3. Pedicellariae
  4. Dermal branchaie
  5. Pentaradial symmetry in adults
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9
Q

What type of symmetry to echinoderms have?

A

Penta-radial

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10
Q

Echinoderms - endoskeleton

What are ossicles

A

Calcareous plates

Held together by catch collagen

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11
Q

What is catch collagen?

Exoskeleton of echinoderms

A

Hold plates together (ossicles)

Can go from liquid to solid
Allows them to hold a shape for a long time

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12
Q

Endoskeleton of echinoderms

What is the stereom?

A

Unique coelomic cavity

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13
Q

What are two importsnt features of the Mesodermal exoskeleton of echinoderms?

A

Ossicles + stereom

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14
Q

The water vascular system is unique to echinoderms. How does the hydraulic system work?

Use following terms; podia, madreporite

A

Canals + tube feet (podia)

Open on one end - madreporite

Fluid moves through canals -> tube feet

Tube feet have muscular + neural control

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15
Q

WVS of echinoderms

What do the tube feet do?

A

Can open mussel shell + climb surfaces

Have muscle and neural control

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16
Q

WVS of echinoderms

What are the ampullae

A

At the top of each tube foot, extends the tube foot

Muscles to pump out water

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17
Q

Basic overview of WVS in echinoderms

A 
Canals + tube feet
Madreporite - open on one end
Fluid -> canals -> tube feet 
Ampullae extend tube foot
Pump water out
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18
Q

One key feature of the echinoderms is its pedicellariae… what is this

A

Cleaning, food capture, defence

At base of spine on aboral surface

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19
Q

One key feature of the echinoderms is their papulae.. what is this

A

Dermal branchiae

Skin gills

Projection of thin walled coelom

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20
Q

This feature of the echinoderm;

Thin epidermis on outside + peritoneum (mesoderm layer) on inside, projection lf thin-walled coelom, helps increase SA for respiration…

What feature is this

A

Papulae = skin gill / dermal branchiae

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21
Q

Pentaradial symmetry of echinoderms came from a bilateral ancestor. Which side is the mouth on?

A

oral

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22
Q

What is the ambulacra? It is a key feature of the echinoderms

A

Band that tube feet project out of

Goes from mouth -> end of arms

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23
Q

What is the nervous system of echinoderms like?

A

No ganglia, no brain

They have nerve rings, radial nerves, epidermal nerve net

Sensory cells + eyespots

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24
Q

What is larval development of sea-stars?

A
  1. Deuterstomes embryology (anus first)
  2. Free swimming larvae
  3. Larvae with early tube feet
  4. Metamorphosis to adult form

*they all start of bilateral —> adult are penta-radial

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25
Q

Why do echinoderms regenerate? What is this called?

A

Escape predators + replace da,aged parts

Autotomy

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26
Q

What are the 2 processes of regeneration

A

Regeneration - adult stem cells move to make new tissue + stucture

De-differentiation
- totipotent cells

27
Q

You only 1/5 of what and the arm of a sea star to regenerate

A

1/5 of central disk + arm

28
Q

Fargmentation in echinoderms is what? Why is it sometime’s called Aristotle’s comet?

A

Asexual reproduction

Cast off arm without central body

Arm can slowly grow into new body

Looks like shooting star

29
Q

What are the 5 classes of echinoderms

A-C-E-H-O

A 
Asteroidea
Crinoidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Ophiuroidea
30
Q

What class do sea starts belong to?

A

Asteroidea

31
Q

What is the basic form of class asteroidea

A

Central disc + 5 arms (or 7..sometimes 50)

32
Q

What class has the largest group of echinoderms?

A

Asteroidea

33
Q

Pisaster ochraceus - a purple intertidal sea star control b.c mussels populations

Stichaster australis reed sea star causes corl bleaching and can kill entire reefs

What kind of species are these?

A

Keystone species

34
Q

Give an example of a deadly sea star

A

Crown of thorns

Harmful to reefs

35
Q

Sea star wasting disease cause white lesions, thw WVS stops, fragmentation starts happening and the star usually dies. Whats causing this?

A

Warmer temperatures and densovirus

36
Q

What is the oldest class of echinoderms with most extinct species?

A

Class crinoidea

37
Q

Sea lilies and feather stars belong to which class of echinoderms

A

Crinoidea

38
Q

Class crinoidea lacks three things… what are they

A

Pedicellariae

Madreporite

Spines

39
Q

Echinoderms of class crinoidea usually attach to a substrate. How to feather stars and sea lilies differ in how they attach?

A

Sea lilies - stalked crinoid’

Feather star - short stalk

40
Q

Which side is the oral side of echinoderms in class Crinoidea?

A

Oral side = faces up

41
Q

What class do sea urchins, sand dollar, heart urchins belong to in the echinoderms?

A

Class echinoidea

42
Q

Class echinoidea - do they have ossicles?

A

Yes, they have ossicles as plates

43
Q

How do sea urchins move? How do sand dollar move?

Class echinoidea

A

Sea urchins - spines + tube feet

Sand dollar - shorter spines

44
Q

What is the Aristotle’s lantern structure in sea urchins?

A

5 part tooth strucutre

45
Q

Where do echinoidea keep venom?

A

In spines + pedicellariae

46
Q

What class do the sea cucumbers belong to?

A

Class holothuroidea

47
Q

What gives sea cucumbers (class holothuroidea, phylum echinodermata) their leathery body?

A

Catch collagen

48
Q

Does class holothuroidea have ossicles?

A

Yes, but they’re reduced

49
Q

How do sea cucumbers move?

A

Tube feet for benthic crawling

50
Q

Sea cucumbers have a spacious coelomic cavity… what type of skeleton do they have?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

Have a WVS + tube feet

51
Q

Sea cucumbers have a cloca.. what is it?

A

Large hole that opens internal body cavity

Respiration + digestion

52
Q

How do sea cucumbers defend themselves?

A

Inflate with water quickly

Noxious sticky chemicals that can regenerate

53
Q

Sea cucumbers can get off the bottom, making them a benthopelagic species. How can they do this?

A

Same density as sea water

Flap tube feet and can float 1000m in water

Only true pelagic species

54
Q

Brittle and basket stars belong to what class of echinoderms

A

Ophiuroidea

55
Q

Class ophiuroidea

They have suspension feeders that feed with the oral side up… this helps make dense…

A

Carpets

Wave arms to collect food on tube feet

56
Q

How do brittle and basket stars of class Ophiuroidea move

A

Flexible arms

Closed ambulacra, grooves
Tube feet for feeding

57
Q

What are some feature that class ophiuroidea is missing?

A

No pedicellariae
No papulae
No anus
No gills

58
Q

Why don’t animals of class ophiuroidea (brittle and basket stars) have an anus nor gills?

A

Small enough to use water coming through bursal slits

59
Q

What are the 5 key body transitions of echinoderms

A 
Organ
Penta-radial symmetry
Eucoelomate
Triploblast - deuterstome
No
60
Q

Why is the name phylum Hemichordata misleading?

A

More closely related to echinoderms than chordates

Example - thought to have notochord but is actually invagination of mouth cavity called stomochord
Not homogenous with chordates

61
Q

What are some key features of phylum hemichordata

A

Gill slits
3 part coelom
Stomochord

62
Q

What are the two classes of phylum hemichordata

Enter peter

A

Enteropneusta

Pterobranchia

63
Q

What class do acorn worm belong to? This class is also all marine and the animals are solitary

A

Enteropneusta

64
Q

What class of hemichordata dl the tube-dwelling, mostly colonial, marine animals belong to? They have an extinct species called graptolites

A

Pterobranchia

Animal Diversity (9 decks)

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