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Sem 3 > the ear > Flashcards

the ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

the brain’s ability to change through experience

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2
Q

What happens in normal hearing regarding hearing and speech?

A

first comes hearing then speech

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3
Q

What happens in post-lingual deafness regarding hearing and speech?

A

there is speech but no hearing (lose hearing after speech development)

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4
Q

What happens in pre-lingual deafness regarding hearing and speech?

A

no hearing and no speech

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5
Q

How is sound amplified in the ear?

A
  • pinna: 10-15dB (but specific to certain frequencies)
  • ear canal: 10dB
  • tympanic membrane and ossicles: 18 times (due to different in surface area between the tympanic membrane and ossicles)
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6
Q

Where do you find endolymph (1)?

where do you find perilymph (2)?

A
  1. -cochlear duct
    - semi-circular ducts
  2. -scala vestibuli
    - scala tympani

(maybe more?)

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7
Q

What is the chemical property of endolymph that is important in creation of AP?

A

high in potassium

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8
Q

What is sound energy?

A

wave form contractions and refractions in air and then fluid: causes vibrations on basilar membrane

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9
Q

What are the different hair cells involved in hearing?

A
  • inner hair cells: responsible for signal transduction: have stereocillia that connect onto tectorial membrane
  • outer hair cells: three rows
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10
Q

What happens with at basilar membrane when sound is heard?

A
  • movement of basilar membrane: causing shearing force of hair cells onto tectorial membrane
  • displacement of stereo cilia and stretch activated: ion channels open and leave potassium into hair cells and there is depolarisation of cell
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11
Q

What is tone?

A

wavelength of particular frequency (complex vibration with repetitive periodic pattern)

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12
Q

What is noise?

A

complex vibration with no repetitive pattern

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13
Q

What is the correlation between frequency and wavelength?

A

lower frequency sounds have longer wavelengths

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14
Q

What is the cochlear nerve pathway?

A

cochlear nucleus - superior olive nucleus - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate nucleus - auditory cortex

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15
Q

What are the important areas in the brain in regards to hearing and speech?

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Broca’s area
  • motor cortex
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16
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

speech recognition and reception

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17
Q

What does Broca’ are do?

A

speech development

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18
Q

How do you test hearing depending on the ages?

A
  • otoacoustic emissions (done at birth)
  • auditory brainstem responses (done before 2m)
  • visual reinforcement observation audiometry (6-24m)
  • conditioned play audiometry (24-48m)
  • conventional audiometry (over 42m)
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19
Q

What is the normal hearing threshold and when is it considered to be deaf?

A
  • 0dB: normal hearing threshold

- 110dB: stone deaf

20
Q

What is hearing loss due to old age called?

A

presbyacusis

21
Q

What happens to detection of sound if you only have one functioning ear?

A

you can’t detect direction of sound

22
Q

What is the non auditory functions of the external auditory meatus?

A

protecting
cleaning
+ wax waterproofs it

23
Q

What are the names of the middle ear muscles

What are the functions of the middle ear muscles?

A

Stapedius and tensor tympani

  • stiffening
  • stapedius is stimulated acoustically
24
Q

what are the different types of hearing pathologies?

A
  • conductive hearing impairment

- sensory-neural hearing impairment

25
Q

What does profoundly deaf mean?

A

related to degree of hearing loss and may be used to describe born deaf or deafened people

26
Q

What does deafened mean?

A

people that have become deaf after acquiring spoken and written language and who mainly identifies with hearing people

27
Q

What does hearing loss mean?

A

describe level of hearing loss

28
Q

What does hard hearing/hearing impaired mean?

A

person with some degree of hearing loss: mainly older people who have lost their hearing through age

29
Q

What are the Otolith organs comprise of? What do they detect?

A
  • saccules
  • utricles
  • detect static/linear accelearation
30
Q

What do they saccules detect? What are they connected to?

A
  • vertical acceleration

- cochlea

31
Q

What do the utricles detect? what are they connected to?

A
  • horizontal acceleartion

- semi-circular canals

32
Q

What are the semi-circular canals comprise of and what do they detect?

A

-horizontal SCC
-superior SCC
-posterior SCC
-detect angular acceleration
(to differentiate between SCC locate bifurcation between superior and posterior SCC)

33
Q

In what are the sensory hair cells embedded in the otolith organs?

A

gelatinous layer

34
Q

How is the signal created in the otolith organs?

A

mechanically gated membrane transduction
- otoconia: calcium carbonate crystals (striola) resting on otolithic membrane (jelly)
-jelly has receptors
–> with movement, jelly layer moves forwards
–> when stop, the crystal layer tries to move forwards which triggers receptors
(bending of the cilium causes depolarisation)

35
Q

Where are the sensory hair cells located in the semi-circular canals?

A

ampullae

36
Q

How is the signal created in the semi-circular canals?

A
  • endolymph displaces gelatinous mass (cupula: jelly): causes physical strain on ‘hair cells’: AP
  • deflection toward kinocilium increases firing, deflection away from kinocilium decreases firing
37
Q

What are kin cilium?

What are stereo cilium?

A

in cupula of semi-circular canals

  • kinocilium: tall hair cells
  • stereo cilium: small hair cells
38
Q

What are the different movements detected by the semi-circular canals?

A
  • yawing motion: horizontal canals (eyes looking over shoulder)
  • rolling motion: superior canals (ear towards shoulder)
  • pitching motion: posterior canals (head up and down)
39
Q

What is the vestibulo-occular reflex?

A
  • prevents retinal slip, compensates for head movement

- modulated by cerebellum

40
Q

what are the different phases in eye movement? and why modulates them?

A
  • slow phase: slow drift when tracking object: modulated by vestibule-occular pathway
  • fast phase: snap back to midline when stop tracking object: modulated by cerebral cortex
41
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

alternating slow eye movement and rapid saccadic movement

42
Q

What is the vestibule-spinal tract?

A
  • medial VS tract: head position
  • lateral VS tract: posture and balance
  • -> both descend ipsilaterally
43
Q

What is Ménière’s Disease?

A

increase in endolymph pressure: disrupts signal transduction and can result in tinnitus, nausea, spontaneous nystagmus

44
Q

What is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)?

What can help?

A
  • dislodged bits of Otolith stimulate the cupola in posterior SSC causing vertigo
  • Epley manoeuvre attempts to nudge them back to the vestibule
45
Q

What is motion sickness?

A

mismatch between data from different sensory modalities + with what the brain expects to happen

Sem 3 (20 decks)

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