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Sem 3 > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A
  • maintain appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signalling
  • maintain BBB
  • provide nutriments
  • remove excess neurotransmitters
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2
Q

Where are astrocytes located?

A

CNS

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3
Q

What do astrocytes look like?

A

star-like appearance

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4
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located?

A

CNS

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5
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

-lay down laminated, lipid-rich myelin

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6
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A
  • lay down laminated, lipid-rich myelin

- participate in regeneration of PNS axons

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7
Q

Where are Schwann cells found?

A

PNS

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8
Q

What do microglial cells do?

A
  • scavenger cells that remove cellular debris from sites of injury (or normal cell turnover)
  • secrete signalling molecules (especially range of cytokines that can modulate local inflammation and influence cell survival or death)
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9
Q

Where are microglial cells found?

A

CNS

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10
Q

What are the properties of neurones?

A
  • irritability

- conductivity

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11
Q

What are the different types of neurones?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
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12
Q

What are the properties of multipolar neurones?

A
  • multiple processes (dendrites/axons)

- motor and sensory neurones

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13
Q

What are the properties of bipolar neurones?

A
  • 2 processes coming off soma

- find them in the eye, inner ear and roof of nose

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14
Q

What are the properties of unipolar neurones?

A
  • one process coming off soma

- sensory ganglia in first order neurone (dorsal root ganglion or ganglion cells for CN)

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15
Q

(What are ependymal cells?) where are they found? what do they do?

A
  • line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
  • form cerebrospinal fluid and assist in circulation
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16
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

equivalent to astrocytes:

  • provide metabolic support for neurone
  • remove excess neurotransmitter
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17
Q

Where are satellite cells located?

A

in PNS ganglia

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18
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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19
Q

What is a nerve?

A

bundle of axons travelling in the PNS

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20
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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21
Q

What is a tract/fasciculus?

A

a bundle of axons travelling in the CNS

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22
Q

What is a single neurone called?

A

nerve fibre

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23
Q

What is the connective tissue layer surrounding a single nerve fibre called?

A

endoneurium

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24
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

bundle of nerve fibres

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25
Q

What is a the connective tissue layer surrounding the fascicle called?

A

perineurium

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26
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a group of fascicles

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27
Q

What is the connective tissue layer surrounding a nerve?

A

epineurium

28
Q

What do both cartilage and bone consist of?

A
  • extracellular matrix
  • ground substances (elastic and collagen fibres)
  • fibroblasts/cytes
29
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A
  • framework in respiratory tract
  • shock absorption and facilitates joint movement
  • covers articular surfaces
  • development of long bone
30
Q

What are the properties of cartilage?

A

firm but flexible, semi rigid

bears mechanical stress without permanent distortion

31
Q

What does cartilage consist of?

A

-cartilage cells (CC) (chondrogenic cells and chondrocytes/blasts)
-CC suspended in EMC (extracellular metric)
-cartilage surrounded by perichondrium
(–> cartilage is avascular: receives nutriments from perichondrium)

32
Q

What are the different cartilage cells?

A
  • -> chondrogenic cells:
  • differenziate into chondroblasts
  • located into the perichondrium
  • -> chondroblasts:
  • metabolically active young cells
  • manufacture matrix
  • located in pericondri but going towards the centre of cartilage)
  • become entrapped in lacunae
  • mature into chondrocytes
  • ->chondrocytes
  • mature cells
  • maintain matrix
33
Q

What is the EMC in cartilage composed of?

A

ground substances and fibres (collagen and elastic):

  • proteoglycans: regulate movement of molecules through matrix
  • glycosaminoglycans: involved in shock absorption
  • glycoproteins: binds fibres, cells and ground substance together
34
Q

What are the different types of cartilage growth?

A
  • -> appositional growth: (most growth)
  • occurs in pericondri
  • chondrogenic cells differentiate into chondroblasts
  • chondroblasts mitotically divide and lay down matrix
  • -> interstitial growth:
  • mitotic division of chondrocytes
  • increase size of matrix from within
35
Q

What is perichondrium?

A
  • outer layer: dense irregular connective tissue
  • inner layer: chondrogenic calls and chondroblasts
  • rich in blood vessels and lymphatics + afferent fibres for pain transmission
36
Q

What are the different types of cartilage?

Where can they be found in the body?

A

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

37
Q

What is the characteristic of hyaline cartilage?

Where can it be found in the body?

A
  • only has collagen fibres
  • don’t see fibres: glossy, smooth look

-ribs, larynx, trachea

38
Q

What is the characteristic of elastic cartilage?

Where can it be found in the body?

A
  • elastic and collagen fibres
  • looks less glossy then hyaline cartilage (can see some fibres)

-ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis)

39
Q

What is the characteristic of fibrocartilage?

Where can it be found in the body?

A
  • layers of dense irregular fibres
  • doesn’t have perichondrium
  • herring bone appearance
  • chondrocytes lacunae tend to be fewer and in a row: very resilient to stress

annulus fibrosus, pubis symphasis, TMJ

40
Q

What are the different parts of matrix around a lacunae called?

A

territorial matrix

interterritorial matrix

41
Q

What are the properties of bone?

A

strong and flexible

42
Q

What does bone consist of?

A

–> organic component
-osteoid: glycoprotein ground substance with type 1 collagen fibres
(strong, flexible but easily compressed)

–> inorganic component
-mineral salts mainly calcium hydroxyapatite
(hard, relatively inflexible and quite brittle)

43
Q

What are the different bone cells? What proportion of bone mass are they?

A
  • osteoblasts: produce new bone, secrete osteoid and responsible for mineral deposition
  • osteocytes: mature bone cells, located in lacunae within bone. maintain the matrix
  • osteoclasts: remove mineral from matrix, responsible for bone remodelling
  • osteogenic stem cells: found in periosteum and endosteum. develop into osteoblasts
44
Q

How is compact bone structure to resist stress?

A

-osteons/Haversian system aligned in the same direction: unidirectional strength increase (both not resistant to stress)
-periosteum goes around circumferential lamellae
(concentric, interstitial and circumferential lamellae)

45
Q

Where do blood vessels enter compact bone?

A

Volkmann canals

46
Q

How is cancellous/spongy bone structured to resist stress?

A
  • trabecculae of cancellous bone arranged haphazardly to form network of interconnecting struts: maximum amount of strength for minimum mass
  • spaces between trabeculae contain bone marrow
  • osteocytes lie in lacunae surface of the trabecullae
  • -> trabecullae are orientated along lines of stress
47
Q

What are fibroblasts compared to chondrocytes/osteocytes?

A

fibroblasts: non specialised connective tissue

osteocytes/chondrocytes:specialised connective tissue cells

48
Q

What is a muscle fibre?

A

cell of muscle tissue

49
Q

What is a sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells

50
Q

What is a sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane of muscle fibre

51
Q

muscle unit?

A

muscle fibre innervated by a single motor neurone

52
Q

motor unit?

A

unit of motor activity formed by one motor nerve cell and its many innervated muscle fibres

53
Q

motor neurone pool?

A

collection of neurones innervating a single muscle

54
Q

What are the different muscle types?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

55
Q 
Skeletal muscle:
location
morphology
control
type of work
activity
cell shape
nuclei
A

connected to bone
striated
voluntary (somatic)
high power
usually relaxed (resting levels of muscle tone)
length of muscle (long and cylindrical in shape)
multiple nuclei, located in peripheries

56
Q 
cardiac muscle:
location
morphology
control
type of work
activity
cell shape
nuclei
A 
heart
striated
involuntary (autonomic)
high power
pump (cyclic)
branch fibres, connected by interconnected disc, short
1-5 centrally located nuclei
57
Q 
smooth muscle:
location
morphology
control
type of work
activity
cell shape
nuclei
A

hollow organs
smooth
involuntary (autonomic)
low power (slow contraction: basal muscle tone)
usually contracted (varies)
short, fusiform (wider in middle, spindle form)
central (1/cell)

58
Q

What are
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium?

A

connective tissue around:

endomysium: single muscle fibre
perimysium: fascicle (bundle of muscle fibres) (often have blood feels running through it)
epimysium: muscle

59
Q

Wha are the different types of fast twitch fibres? What respiration is used?

A
  • type IIa: intermediate fast twitch, use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
  • type IIb: use only anaerobic respiration
60
Q

What is succinate dehydrogenase? Where do you find it? Which type of muscle fibres?

A

enzyme in Krebs cycle (electron transport chain)
mitochondrial membrane
–> found in slow twitch muscles

61
Q

What are muscle spindles?

What do they consist of?

A

-sensory receptors that detect muscle stretch (length)

  • spindle cells: nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres surrounded by an internal capsule
  • internal capsule: within fluid filled space surrounded by external capsule
  • sensory nerve endings wrapped around spindle cells detect stretch
62
Q

Why is there a reflex response?

A

muscle shortening to not overstretch

63
Q

type 1 fibres (oxidative slow, red):

  • myosin
  • Ca pump transport rate
  • diameter
  • oxidative capacity
  • glycolytic capacity
  • fatigue
A
  • slow
  • moderate
  • moderate
  • high
  • moderate
  • resistant (++ mitochondria and myoglobin)
64
Q

type 2B (glycolytic fast, white)

  • myosin
  • Ca pump transport rate
  • diameter
  • oxidative capacity
  • glycolytic capacity
  • fatigue
A
  • fastest
  • high
  • large
  • low
  • high
  • non resistant (no mitochondria)
65
Q

type 2A (glycolytic fast, red)

  • myosin
  • Ca pump transport rate
  • diameter
  • oxidative capacity
  • glycolytic capacity
  • fatigue
A
  • fast
  • high
  • small
  • very high
  • high
  • resistant (few mitochondria)

Sem 3 (20 decks)

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