The Distal Phalanx. Flashcards
What are the muscles of the distal phalanx responsible for?
For extending the toe nails.
The muscles of the distal phalanx are very important in what animal?
In the cat as they need to extend their toenails.
Toenails grow out of what area of the body?
Out of a process called the ungual crest.
What is the small section of bone that is found in the toenail?
The ungual process.
What makes up up the sensitive area of the toenail?
The ungual process and its components.
What is the ungual crest of the toenail attached to?
To the common and lateral digital extensor tendons.
What is the flexor tubercle of the distal phalanx?
A structure that attaches to the deep digital flexor tendon.
What are the proximal sesamoid bones in the distal phalanx?
Bones within the digits that join the head of the metacarpal bone to the proximal phalanx of the digit.
How many sesamoid bones are found per functional digit?
Usually 2.
The sesamoid bones of the distal phalanx are located on what aspect of the forelimb?
On the palmar aspect of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint.
What is the function of the sesamoid bones in the distal phalanx?
They provide stability and strength to the metacarpal-phalangeal joint.
What muscles are the proximal sesamoid bones of the distal phalanx associated with?
With interosseous muscles.
What sesamoid bones of the distal phalanx are associated with the common digital extensor tendon?
The dorsal sesamoid bones.
What bones make up each individual digit in the distal phalanx?
3 bones called phalanges.
What is the name of the 3 phalanges that are found in each individual digit?
The proximal phalanx.
The middle phalanx.
The distal phalanx.
In the digit, what bones does the proximal phalanx articulate with?
With the metacarpal bone via the metacarpal-phalangeal joint.
What kind of joints are found in the digits?
Hinge joints which are only capable of extension and flexion.
Where are the collateral ligaments found in the joints within the digits?
On the abaxial and axial sides of the joint.
What are the sesamoidean ligaments within the carpus?
Ligaments that associate with the sesamoid bones.
What position is the metacarpal phalangeal joint in when the animal is standing?
It is always over extended.
What is the function of the inter-phalangeal joints?
They help to join the 3 phalanx bones together.
How many inter-phalangeal joints are there in each digit?
2.
What are the names of the 2 inter-phalangeal joints within the digits?
The proximal inter-phalangeal joint (PIPJ).
The distal inter-phalangeal joint (DIPJ).
What kind of joint is the proximal inter-phalangeal joint?
A compound synovial saddle joint.
What kind of joint is the distal inter-phalangeal joint?
A simple saddle joint.
What specialised ligaments are associated with the distal inter-phalangeal joint?
Dorsal elastic ligaments.
Where do the dorsal elastic ligaments of the distal inter-phalangeal joint rub between?
Between the distal phalanx and the middle phalanx.
What is the function of the dorsal elastic ligaments of the distal inter-phalangeal joint?
For the retraction protraction of the toenails in cats.
How is the distal inter-phalangeal joint positioned if a cats toenails are retracted?
It will be completely extended.
How is the distal inter-phalangeal joint positioned if a cats toenails are protracted?
It will be flexed.
What is the name of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint in the hind limb?
The metatarsal-phalangeal joint
