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The Digestive system in animals Flashcards

Information included in this deck: -Food and Digestion (steve parker) - 3.5 digestive system (powerpoint) - 3.5 The Digestive system (textbook chapter)

1
Q

Name the main parts of the digestive system

A
  • mouth
  • salivary glands
  • oesophagus (gullet)
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • rectum
  • liver
  • anus
  • appendix
  • pancreas
  • large intestine (colon)
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2
Q

Before food is absorbed by the body, it must be broken down into tiny pieces called molecules. Why must they be small?

A

They must be small enough to dissolve in water so that they can pass through the wall of the digestive tube into the body

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3
Q

Glands along the length of the digestive system produce strong chemicals such as what?

A

acids, alkalis and enzymes which attack food chemically, breaking them into smaller and smaller pieces

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4
Q

There are several kinds of enzymes, and each one breaks down a certain kind of food, give examples

A

pepsin and trypsin attack protein foods such as meats - amylase and maltase work on carbohydrate food. fats do not dissolve into water, instead forming bob-lie droplets (emulsified) and then worked on enzymes called lipases

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5
Q

Some enzymes work in acidic conditions, while others need alkaline surrounding - explain further.

A

ass foods move through each region of the digestive system, they are flooded with mixtures of acid and enzymes, or alkali and enzymes. these corrosive liquids gradually break down the food substances

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6
Q

A typical part of the gut such as the intestine is made up of several layers - what are they?

A 
mucosa (inner lining) 
submucosa
inner muscle layer 
outer muscle layer 
serosa (outer coating)
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7
Q

Describe the mucosa

A

The inner lining is called the mucosa and may be wrinkled or folded to give a large surface area for the production of digestive chemicals and absorption of nutrients. this layer contains many microscopic glands which pour out, or secrete, the many digestive chemicals such as enzymes, acids and alkali.

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8
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

Around the submucosa which is tough and elastic and forms a strong “framework” for the gut. it contains blood vessels that nourish the other layers and nerves that control the muscles of the gut. The gut muscles are wrapped around the submucosa and form the next two layers and act to push food through the inside of the gut by the process of peristalsis

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9
Q

The gut is long and folded - most of it is tightly paced into the abdomen and internal body pressure squashes it flat - how does this impact food passing through it?

A

Foods cannot pass through it unaided and must be pushed. The process of peristalsis moves the food, its journey is lubricated by the slippery mucus in the gut wall.

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10
Q

Peristalsis involves what?

A

a muscular action involving both muscle layers working in a coordinated fashion - two nerve networks control the muscles. first the inner layer just behind the food contracts making the gut narrower at the this point and pushes the food forward a little. then the outer muscle layer contracts to shorten the length of that part of the gut and at the same time the narrowed portion moves along the gut, pushing the food in front of it.

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11
Q

The mouth is the first region of the gut and the ____ and _____ process of digestion

A

Physical and chemical

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12
Q

As we chew what is produced?

A

salvia is produced from the glands around the mouth and is mixed with the food. it helps to soften, moisten and lubricate the food ready for swallowing.

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13
Q

What enzyme does salvia contain?

A

amylase which begins the chemical attack on carbohydrates

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14
Q

Teeth do what?

A

The chewing and biting, cutting and mashing the food into pulpy lumps so it can be easily swallowed.

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15
Q

What is the second main region of the gut

A

the oesophagus

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16
Q

describe the oesophagus

A

it is a muscular tube, long, just behind the trachea connecting the throat to the stomach

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17
Q

what happens as you swallow?

A

the tongue pushes a lump of food towards the back of the mouth and into the pharynx. as this happens the top of the trachea rises upward and a small flap the epiglottis folds over to cover its entrance which prevents the food going down the wrong way.

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18
Q

What is at the base of the oesophagus?

A

A valve-like arrangement of muscle called the oesophageal sphincter which is normally tightly closed. as the food arrives from above the valve relaxes and allows the food to pass through into the stomach and closes again to seal off the passageway

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19
Q

Describe the stomach

A

A very tough, muscular, J-shaped bag.

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20
Q

How does the stomach squash the food

A

The muscles in the stomach will contract strongly in peristaltic waves to churn and squash foods that have already been chewed in the mouth

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21
Q

Where does the oesophagus join the stomach?

A

near its broad upper part, called the fundus. the lower part, the pylorus does most of the churning and this is where the main digestive processes occur

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22
Q

The stomach lining contains what?

A

millions of tiny glands, these make digestive liquid called gastric juice which contains the chemical hydrochloric acid. the acid attacks the food and softens it as a part of the process of chemical digestion.

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23
Q

What else do the glands in the stomach lining make?

A

an enzyme-like substance, pepsinogen. when this meets the stomach acid it is converted into the enzyme pepsin which begins to digest the proteins in the food.

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24
Q

What is the soupy sloppy food which leaves the stomach called?

A

chyme

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25
where does the chyme go from the stomach?
through another valve- like ring of muscle, the pyloric (or duodenal) sphincter and into the first part of the small intestine which is known as the duodenum
26
The duodenum is shaped around what?
the broad end of the pancreas, one of the digestive systems glands
27
the chyme that enters the duodenum is what?
strongly acidic, and would corrode the intestine further on. so it is neutralised by alkali in the duodenum, also stopping the action of the enzyme pepsin which only works in acidic conditions
28
where is bile made?
in the liver and is stored in the gall bladder. when chyme starts to flow through the duodenum, the gall bladder contracts and squirts bile along the bile duct into the duodenum.
29
what does bile contain?
emulsifying chemicals which help to break up blobs of fat in the chyme
30
where is the pancreas located?
in the upper left abdomen, behind the stomach around the level of the lower ribs
31
The pancreas is what?
a dual-function gland
32
what is one of the jobs of the pancreas
to make an enzyme-containing juice for digestion. the pancreas produces the pancreatic juice, containing many strong enzymes that carry out digestion in the duodenum and small intestine
33
what is the other job of the pancreas
to make a hormone (body chemical) called insulin. insulin helps to control the amount of sugar in the blood stream and the way cells use energy. it is released straight into the blood, flowing through the pancreas rather than being channelled along ducts like the digestive pancreatic juice
34
Most absorption takes place where?
in the rest of the small intestine, directly after the duodenum
35
The inner lining of the small intestine has what?
an enormous surface are, in order to absorb as many nutrients as effectively as possible.
36
What are the three factors that make the absorption of nutrients possible?
- the lining is rigid instead and folded, rather than being smooth - the ridges are covered in millions of tiny finger like projections called villi - the villi bear their own microscopic finger like structures known as microvilli
37
the small intestine lining has what?
rich blood supply
38
Where is water absorbed
in the last part of the gut, the large intestine
39
name the first part of the large intestine
- first is short and wide and is known as the cecum, water unabsorbed materials flow into the cecum from the small intestine under control of a sphincter-like structure, the ileocecal valve
40
name the second part of the large intestine
- next the materials pass into the colon, a wide tube shaped lie an upside-down U and goes up the right side of the abdomen across the top and down the left side. water and salts are absorbed through the lining into the body, as this happens the materials become less fluid and change into the brownish, moist, semi solid faeces or stool
41
name the third part of the large intestine
the third part is rectum, it is long and can stretch to store some of the faeces as they are passed to the outside (defected) which happens through the final part of the gut, the anus, which is another muscular sphincter
42
What is digestion?
The digestive system is the system for processing food and drink in animals
43
What is the main function of digestion?
to turn food into energy and obtain nutrients to keep the body healthy by breaking down foods into smaller substances that the body can absorb
44
What are the three key parts the digestsive system?
ingestion - process of taking food in to the digestive system digestion - the mechanical and chemical breakdown of the food absorption - process where small molecules products enter the bloodstream egestion - process of non-digested food being eliminated from the body
45
What happens in the mouth?
Salvia is simulated by the sight and smell of food from the salivary glands. The tongue manipulates the food around ready for chewing and swallowing - teeth shred the food into smaller pieces
46
salivary glands secrete what?
salvia (a fluid) into the mouth to - moisten the food to help swallowing - begin the chemical breakdown of starch as it contains digestive enzymes amylase
47
What happens in the oesophagus?
- the oesophagus is a tube of muscles which leads from the mouth to the stomach - it is usually around 20-25 cm in length but this can vary - it takes 5-10 seconds for the food to pass from the mouth to the stomach - there is no breakdown of food Food is moved through the oesophagus in a series of involuntary wave-like muscle contraction known as peristalsis
48
Food then reaches what?
the oesophageal sphincter which prevents acidic mixture from the stomach from splashing back up the mouth
49
what happens in the stomach?
the stomach is a large bag-like organ that lies between the oesophagus and the small intestine - it can expand to temporarily store food
50
Where does partial digestion take place?
in the stomach - the churning action of the stomach physically breaks down the food
51
What is gastric acid?
hydrochloric acid
52
gastric acid and what are released into the stomach - and what for?
gastric acid and enzymes are released into the stomach to chemically break down the food to form a watery paste called chyme
53
what is the enzyme responsible for protein breakdown
pepsin
54
hydrochloric acid also what?
kills bacteria
55
where does the stomach release food into?
the small intestine in a controlled and regulated manner
56
what is controlled by the pyloric sphincter?
the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine (duodenum)
57
describe the small intestine
the small intestine is the longest of the two intestines and can be up to 7 meters in length most digestion and absorption occurs here
58
the small intestine links to?
to the stomach, food is digested here in small amounts
59
describe the lover and gall bladder
the gall bladder is attached to the small intestine as well - it is the small sac that is attached to the under surface of the liver and stores the bile that the liver produces
60
Describe bile
bile (Mainly comprised of salts, water and cholesterol) is an alkaline fluid stored in the gallbladder, which is discharged into the small intestine upon eating
61
bile does not contain what?
enzymes - the bile breaks up fats into small globules by acting like detergents - bile emulsifies fats
62
describe the pancreas
when the chyme enters the small intestines, the pancreas is activated
63
what does the pancreas produced?
pancreatic juice which breaks down proteins, sugars and fat and neutralise the leftover stomach acid
64
what are the main enzymes that break down food in the small intestine?
trypsin converts proteins into amino acids amylase breaks down starch lipase breaks and converts fats to fatty acids or glycerol
65
fats are absorbed in the small intestine how? and where are they carried to?
fats are absorbed through the intestine wall and carried to the liver via the bloodstream
66
what passes through the microvilli?
nutrients are removed from the food and pass through the villi to the blood stream via a mesh of capillaries
67
what are the two parts the large intestine consists off?
the colon and the rectum
68
the large intestine and rectum makes up how much of the gastrointestinal tract
1.5m
69
how much thicker is the large intestine compared to the small intestine
4x
70
what does the large intestine contain?
contains no digestive juices and all food has been absorbed by this time
71
what is the main function of the large intestine
main function is to remove food residue and waste from the body the residue cellulose, digestive juices, excess water and soluble vitamins and bacteria
72
the leftover unabsorbed materials are moved through where?
the colon which will remove any leftover water from the food
73
the rectum stores what?
faecal matter temporarily until it is convenient release and expel
74
the hole at the base of the rectum is known as what?
the anus
75
What is the mouth's digestive action
- mastication of food | - salivary amylase released to convert starch to maltose
76
What is the oesophagus digestive action
transports bolus (food and salvia) to stomach
77
The stomachs digestive action
- release HCI and Pepsin to breakdown protein | - churns the mixture to produce chyme
78
The liver's (bile) digestive action
- release bile to emulsify fat and activate the enzymes released from the pancreas (amylase, proteases and lipase)
79
The small intestine's digestive action
- trypsin converts protein to amino acids - amylase breaks down starch - lipase breaks convers fats to fatty acids or glycerol
80
The large intestine's digestive action
- absorb water - absorb remaining salts (sodium and potassium) - vitamin K absorbed
81
What nutrients are absorbed in the mouth?
digestion of cooked starchy carbohydrates
82
What nutrients are absorbed in the stomach?
digestion of protein traces of glucose, alcohol, water soluble vitamins and minerals are absorbed
83
What nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine?
digestion of protein, carbohydrates, and fat | absorption of all nutrients expect fibre
84
what nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine?
digestion of fibre | absorption of water
85
what nutrients are absorbed in the bowel (rectum and anus)
elimination of faecal matter
86
Name the site of digestion, digestive chemicals involved and products of digestion of carbohydrates (which is macronutrient)
Site of digestion - mouth and small intestine digestive chemical involved - amylase products of digestion - glucose fructose galactose (monosaccharides)
87
Name the site of digestion, digestive chemicals involved and products of digestion of protein (which is a macronutrient)
Site of digestion - stomach and small intestine digestive chemical involved - hydrochloric acid and pepsin products of digestion - amino acids
88
Name the site of digestion, digestive chemicals involved and products of digestion of lipids (which is a macronutrient)
Site of digestion - small intestine digestive chemical involved - Bile and lipase products of digestion - fatty acids and glycerol
89
What is nutrition?
The process of taking in food and making nutrients it contains available to an organism
90
What are the small molecule products of digestion called?
monomers
91
The processes of nutrition involves a long tube that runes the length of the body called what?
the alimentary canal
92
an organ that produces and releases a liquid is called what?
a gland
93
name some glands associated with the digestive system
the salivary glands, the pancreas and the gallbladder the fluids released are called salvia, pancreatic juice and bile respectively
94
the movement of nutrients in food and products of digestion from the alimentary canal into the blood stream is called what?
absorption
95
where does most of the absorption in the digestive system take place?
in the small intestine, especially in the region called the ileum
96
absorption of water and minerals takes place where?
in a region of the large intestine called colon
97
the ileum's structure facilitates what?
the absorption of nutrients and the products of digestion
98
describe the structure of ileum
- the walls of the ileum have circular folds to increase the surface are for absorption - the lining of the ileum is very thin because it only consists of a single layer of epithelial tissue - this reduces the distances the substances have to enter the bloodstream - the epithelium lining the ileum consists of a huge number of finger-like projections called villi which further increase the surface are for absorption - the ileum's epithelium is moist which assists the transport of substances being absorbed
99
What does the epithelium of each villi enclose?
a network of tiny blood vessels of the circulatory system called capillaries
100
at the core of a villus is what?
a small vessel of the lymphatic system called lymph or lacteal.
101
what is absorbed into the blood capillaries (in the villi)
glucose, amino acids and many vitamins are absorbed
102
what passes into the lacteals (in the villi)
fatty acids and glycerol
103
what is the structure of the salivary glands
- salvia-making tissue - amylase- making tissue - salivary ducts
104
What is the function of the salivary glands
- produce saliva to moisten and lubricate food - produce amylase to start chemical digestion of starch - allow salvia and amylase to enter the mouth
105
What is the structure of the oesophagus?
- tube like | - walls with muscle
106
What is the function of the oesophagus?
- allow pieces of partly digested food to travel to the stomach - push pieces of food to the stomach
107
What is the structure of the stomach
- bag like - walls folded, and elastic - gastric juice making tissue - walls with muscle
108
What is the function of the stomach
- store partly digested food after a meal - allow the stomachs volume to increase to store more food - produce hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and activate proteases - produce proteases to start chemical digestion of proteins - turn stomach contents to increase contact with gastric juice - contribute to mechanical digestion
109
What is the structure of the pancreas
- pancreatic juice making tissue | - pancreatic duct
110
What is the function of the pancreas
- produce alkaline fluid to form a pH neutral environment needed by enzymes released into duodenum - produce amylases to finish chemical digestion of carbohydrates - produce proteases to finish the chemical digestion of proteins - produce lipases to start and finish chemical digestion of lipids - allow pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum
111
What is the structure of the liver
Bile-producing tissue
112
What is the function of the liver
- produce bile to break up lipid droplets so that the contact of lipids with lipases is increase to digest lipids
113
What is the structure of the gallbladder
- bile storage tissue | - bile duct
114
What is the function of the gallbladder
- store bile until needed | - allow bile to enter the duodenum
115
What is the structure of the duodenum
- tube like | - walls with muscle
116
What is the function of the duodenum
- allow chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids - push the duodenums contents to the ileum
117
What is the structure of the ileum
- tube like - walls lined with villi - walls lined with muscle
118
What is the function of the ileum
- allow chemical digestion to be completed - allow products of digestion, vitamins and water to be absorbed - push non-digestible material to the colon; for example, fibre
119
What is the structure of the colon
- walls with a thin lining | - muscle in walls
120
What is the function of the colon
- allow minerals and a variable quantity of water to be absorbed - push the colons contents (to become faeces) to the rectum
121
What is the structure of the rectum
- tube like | - walls with muscle
122
What is the function of the rectum
- store faeces | - push faeces out of the rectum at egestion

Biology Stage 1 (8 decks)

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