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Biology Stage 1 > The Circulatory system > Flashcards

The Circulatory system Flashcards

Information included in this deck: - 3.7 The Circulatory System - -

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1
Q

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

A
  • Transportation of substances around the body
  • Gases need to be transported to the cells and also out of the body
  • Nutrients need to be transported to the cell
  • Wastes need to be removed
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2
Q

The circulatory system is made up of…..

A
  • The blood as the carrying substances
  • tubes to direct flow (blood vessels)
  • a pump (the heart)
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3
Q

Blood

The blood consists of

A

The tissue that physically transports the substances

Millions of cells that work together to perform a specific function

  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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4
Q

Plasma

A
  • Fluid part of the blood - 90% water

- Carries glucose, carbon dioxide, hormones and wastes etc.

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5
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • are synthesised in the bone marrow

- contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen around the body

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6
Q

Red blood cells shape

A
  • are biconcave in shape

- when oxygen is no longer present in the blood the red blood cell loses its red colour

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7
Q

White blood cells

A
  • an important part of the immune system
  • can produce antibodies and destroy harmful microorganisms
  • made in the bone marrow
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8
Q

Platelets

A
  • clump together to form clots

- protect the body by stopping bleeding

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9
Q

name the three types of blood vessels

A
  • artery which carries blood away from the heart
  • capillary which carries blood to and from the body’s cells
  • vein which carries blood back into the heart
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10
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart and to the body

- they must carry blood at high pressure

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11
Q

the walls of arteries are what?

A

tough and elastic

thick and muscular

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12
Q

veins

A

return the blood back to the heart at low pressure

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13
Q

the structure of veins are what?

A

large lumen ( inner space)
thinner walls
valves present to prevent backflow

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14
Q

the vein valve opens to what?

A

allow blood to the heart - the valves allow blood to flow in the correct direction

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15
Q

vein valve closes to what?

A

prevent black flow - it closes if the blood starts to flow in the wrong direction

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16
Q

describe the walls of capillaries

A

only one cell thick

carries blood to and from the body cells

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17
Q

arteries summary

A

speed - high
width - medium
pressure - high

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18
Q

capillaries summary

A

speed - medium
width - narrow
pressure - medium

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19
Q

veins summary

A

speed - low
width - wide
pressure - low

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20
Q

the heart is located where?

A

directly on top of the diaphragm behind the sternum and is positioned in between the left and right lungs

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21
Q

describe the circulation of blood

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein

oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the heart to the body through the aorta

Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the vena cava

22
Q

pulmonary circulation carries

A

deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart, ready to be pumped out to the body

23
Q

systemic circulation carries

A

oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the arteries
deoxygenated blood back to the heart through the veins

24
Q

the right side of the heart carries….

A

blood to the lungs

25
Q

the left side of the heart carries….

A

blood to the body

26
Q

what carry blood to and from the lungs

A

the pulmonary artery and vein

27
Q

what carry blood to and from the body

A

the aorta and the vena cava

28
Q

the upper chambers of the heart are called

A

the atrias

29
Q

the lower chambers of the heart are called

A

the ventricles

30
Q

what separates the left and right side of the heart?

A

the septum which is a muscle

31
Q

name the hearts valves

A

semi-lunar valve (2)
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve

32
Q

What are the three main phases of a heartbeat

A
  1. the two atria contract, pushing blood down into the ventricles
  2. the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart to the body and lungs
  3. the heart muscle relaxes and the atria fill with blood
33
Q

the heart rate (or pulse rate) is what?

A

the number of ties the heart beats per minute (bpm)

34
Q

why does the heart pump blood

A

so that gases and nutrients can travel around the body

35
Q

stroke volume is what

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

36
Q

cardiac output is what

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute

37
Q

what’s the equation to find the cardiac output

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

38
Q

what is the effect of exercise on the heart

A
  • the heart gets bigger
  • the muscular walls become thicker
  • stroke volume at rest increases, leading to a lower resting heart rate
39
Q

circulatory system plays an important role in regulating the body temperature

describe vasodilation

A

if the body gets too hot, capillaries near the surface of the skin widen - this is vasodilation

40
Q

vasodilation

A

blood is diverted to the skin where the heat can easily radiate away
water from the blood is excreted as sweat to cool the body

41
Q

vasoconstriction

A

if the body gets too cold, the capillaries near the surface of the sin get narrower
blood is diverted away from the skin to limit heat loss

42
Q

tissue fluid

A

which all cells sit in
has a similar composition to plasma
small chemicals e.g. nutrients (glucose, amino acids, oxygen, ions, water) and wastes (carbon dioxide etc.) are exchange via diffusion across the capillary wall through the tissue fluid

43
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels that drains the lymph fluid from the tissue back into the circulator system

it is part of the immune system and is one of the body’s major defences against infection and cancer

44
Q

lymphatic exchange

A

fluid leaks from capillaries to form the tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)

tissue fluid surrounds and bathes the cells, supplying them with nutrients and oxygen and removing wastes

45
Q

does some tissue fluid return directly into the capillaries? what is this fluid called?

A

yes. this fluid is called lymph and is similar in composition to tissue fluid but contains more leukocytes (white blood cell)

46
Q

describe the lymph nodes

A

are oval/bean shaped structures scattered throughout the body

filter lymph by trapping foreign particles in a meshwork of elastic and reticular fibres inside the node

47
Q

the movement into and out of the capillary depends on what?

A

the balance between blood pressure and the osmotic pressure at the end of a capillary bed

48
Q

at the beginning of the bed what is higher?

A

blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure, therefore there is a net movement of plasma and nutrients (from capillaries) into the extracellular space

49
Q

during blood and lymph exchange

A

glucose, amino acids, oxygen, ions and water diffuse from capillaries to the surrounding cells

carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse from the surrounding cells into the capillaries

50
Q

plasma proteins and red blood cell concentration increases at the end of the capillary bed, here:

A

osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure, therefore there is a net movement of water (from tissue fluid) back into the capillaries

51
Q

is all fluid returned to the capillaries

A

no, most, but not all

52
Q

where is excess fluid collected?

A

by the vessels of the lymphatic system and become lymph

Biology Stage 1 (8 decks)

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