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Biology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Reactions that break down molecules to supply energy

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2
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

The synthesis of macromolecules

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3
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of polymers (peptides, fats, starch) into their building blocks

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4
Q

GI motility

A

The rhythmic contraction of GI smooth muscle
Controlled by the enteric nervous system
Can be increased or decreased by hormonal input
Serves two purposed: mixing of food and movement of food down the gut

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5
Q

Functional syncytium

A

When one cell has an action potential and contracts, the impulse spreads to neighboring cells

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6
Q

Peristalsis

A

Orderly contraction of muscles in the GI tract resulting in movement of food down the GI tract

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7
Q

Bolus

A

Ball of food moving through the GI tract

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8
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Is a branch of the autonomic nervous system that helps to control digestion via innervation of the GI tract, pancreas, and gall bladder

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9
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Found between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and helps primarily to regulate gut motility

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10
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

Found in the submucosa and helps to regulate enzyme secretion, gut blood flow, and ion/water balance in the lumen
Sparse in the esophagus and anus

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11
Q

GI secretion

A

Stimulated by food in the gut and by the parasympathetic nervous system
Inhibited by sympathetic stimulation

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12
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete their products (digestive enzymes) into ducts that drain into the GI lumen

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13
Q

Endocrine glands

A 
Ductless glands
Their secretions (hormones) are picked up by capillaries and thus enter the bloodstream
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14
Q

Acinar cells

A

Specialized epithelial cells found in the exocrine glands

Secrete products which pass into ducts

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15
Q

Gastric glands

A

Secrete acid and pepsinogen

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16
Q

Goblet cells

A

Specialized mucus-secreting cells found along the entire GI tract

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17
Q

Mucus

A

A slimy liquid that protects and lubricates the gut

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18
Q

Mucus membrane

A

Any body surface covered with mucus

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19
Q

The three role of the mouth

A

Fragmentation (mastication), lubrication (saliva), some enzymatic digestion (salivary amylase)
Participates in innate immunity

20
Q

Saliva

A 
Contains salivary amylase (ptyalin) - smallest fragment yielded by salivary amylase is the disaccharide
Lingual lipase (fat digestion)
Lysozyme - attacks bacterial cell walls
21
Q

Three purposes of the stomach

A

Partial digestion of food, regulated release of food into the small intestine, and destruction of microorganisms

22
Q

Effects of low gastric pH

A

Destruction of microorganisms, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of many dietary proteins, and conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

23
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme secreted by chief cells in the stomach wall

Catalyzes proteolysis

24
Q

Zymogen

A

An inactive precursor

25
Q

Chyme

A

Food mixed with gastric secretions

26
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Prevents reflux of chyme into the esphagus

27
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Prevents the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum

28
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Secreted by the epithelial cells in the wall of the duodenum
Secreted in response to fats in the duodenum - causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, stimulates gallbladder contraction, and decreases gastric motility

29
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by G cells in the stomach wall
Stimulated acid and pepsin secretion and gastric motility
Stimulated by food in the stomach and parasympathetic stimulation

30
Q

Histamine

A

Binds to parietal cells to stimulate acid release

Released in response to gastrin and stretching the stomach wall

31
Q

Villi

A

Macroscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine
Capillaries in the villus absorb monosaccharides and amino acids
Small lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary fats
Peyer’s patches confer immunity to gut pathogens and toxins

32
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic foldings of the cell membranes of individual intestinal epithelial cells

33
Q

Brush Border

A

Luminal membrane of the small intestine

34
Q

Two functions of bile

A

Vehicle for the disposal of waste products by the liver

It is essential for the digestion of fats

35
Q

Enterokinase

A

Activates the pancreatic zymogen trypsinogen to trypsin

36
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

Hydrolyze the smallest carbohydrates and proteins into monosaccharides and amino acids

37
Q

Secretin

A

Released in response to acid in the duodenum - causes the pancreas to release large amounts of a high-pH aqueous buffer (HCO3-) - neutralizes HCl released by the stomach

38
Q

Enterogastrone

A

Decreases stomach emptying

39
Q

Ileum

A

Responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 when complexed with intrinsic factor which is released by the parietal cells of the stomach

40
Q

Importance of colonic bacteria

A

The presence of large numbers of normal bacteria helps keep dangerous bacteria from proliferating, due to competition for space and nutrients
Colonic bacteria supply us with Vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting

41
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits many digestive processes

42
Q

Three hormones that can raise blood sugar levels

A

Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol

43
Q

Bile

A

Composed of bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin
Emulsifies large fat particles in the duodenum
Help fatty particles to diffuse across the intestinal mucosal membrane

44
Q

Ghrelin

A

Stimulate appetite

45
Q

Leptin

A

Secreted in response to increase triglyceride levels and works to suppress appetite until appropriate levels are restored

46
Q

Peptide YY

A

Reduces appetite

Biology (9 decks)

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