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Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Roles of the circulatory system

A
  • Distribute nutrients from the digestive tract, liver, and adipose tissue
  • Transport oxygen from the lungs to the entire body and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
  • Transport metabolic waste products from tissues to the excretory system
  • Transport hormones from endocrine glands to targets and provide feedback
  • Maintain homeostasis of body temperature
  • Hemostasis (blood clotting)
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2
Q

Perfusion

A

The flow of blood through a tissue

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3
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood flow

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4
Q

Hypoxia

A

Adequate circulation is present but the supply of oxygen is reduced

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5
Q

Heart

A

A muscular pump that forces blood through a branching series of vessels to the lungs and the rest of the body

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6
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

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7
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart at low pressure

Lack a muscular wall

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8
Q

Important roles of the endothelial cells

A
  • Vasodilation and vasoconstriction: Important in maintaining blood pressure, tissue oxygenation, and thermoregulation
  • Inflammation
  • Angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels)
  • Thrombosis (blood clotting)
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9
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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10
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again

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11
Q

Portal systems

A

Evolved as direct transport systems, to transport nutrients directly from the intestine to the liver or hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, without passing through the whole body

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12
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Supply blood tot he wall of the heart

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13
Q

Coronary veins

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart collects here

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14
Q

Coronary sinus

A

A collection of coronary veins
Blood here is the only blood that does not end up in the inferior vena cava or superior vena cava
Drains directly into the right atrium

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15
Q

Valves

A

Are necessary to ensure one-way flow through the circulatory system

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16
Q

Biscuspid valve

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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18
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

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19
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricles are relaxed and blood is able to flow into them from the atria
Atria contract during diastole to propel blood into the ventricles more rapidly

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20
Q

Systole

A

Ventricles contract

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21
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the “lub-dup” cardiac cycle is repeated per minute

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22
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped with each systole

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23
Q

Cardiac output

A

The total amount of blood pumped per minute

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24
Q

Two principal ways to increase venous return

A
  • Increase the total volume of blood in the circulatory system
  • Contraction of large veins can propel blood toward the heart
25
Synctium
A tissue in which the cytoplasm of different cells can communicate via gap junctions
26
Intercalated disk
The connections between cardiac muscle cells
27
Role of the parasympathetic system in controlling the heart
Modulate the rate by inhibiting rapid automaticity
28
Baroreceptors
Located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries | Monitor pressure
29
Hemodynamics
The study of blood flow
30
Blood pressure
Is directly proportional to cardiac output and peripheral resistance (controlled by the peripheral nervous system)
31
Albumin
Essential for maintenance of oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure in the capillaries due only to plasma proteins)
32
Immunoglobulins
Key part of the immune system
33
Fibrinogen
Essential for blood clotting
34
Lipoproteins
Large particles consisting of fats, cholesterol, and carrier proteins. Their role is to transport lipids in the bloodstream
35
Hematocrit
Volume of blood occupies by red blood cells
36
Erythropoeitin
Hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow
37
Two most important blood group antigens
ABO blood group and the Rh blood group
38
White blood cells
Fight infection and dispose of debris
39
Macrophage
Phagocytose debris and microorganisms; amoeboid mortality; chemotaxis
40
B cell
Mature into plasma cell and produce antibodies
41
T cell
Kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and reject tissue grafts; also control immune response
42
Neutrophil
Phagocytose bacteria resulting in pus; amoeboid motility; chemotaxis
43
Eosinophil
Destroy parasites; allergic reactions
44
Basophil
Store and release histamine; allergic reactions
45
Platelets
Derived from the fragmentation of large bone marrow cells called meegakaryocytes Function to aggregate at the site of damage to a blood vessel wall
46
Fibrin
Threadlike protein which forms a mesh that holds the platelet plug together
47
Fibrinogen
Converted into fibrin by thrombin
48
Thrombus
A scab circulating in the bloodstream
49
Hemoglobin
A complex protein composed of four polypeptide subunits | Each molecule can carry four molecules of oxygen
50
Heme
A large multi-ring structure that has a single iron atom bound at its center
51
Tense conformation of Hb
``` Has a relatively low affinity for oxygen Stabilized by: -decreased pH -increased PCO2 (level of CO2 in the blood) -increased temperature ```
52
Relaxed state of Hb
Has a higher affinity for oxygen
53
Capillaries
Site of exchange between the blood and tissues
54
Three types of substances that must be able to pass through the intercellular clefts
Nutrients, wastes, and white blood cells
55
Three main types of nutrients
Amino acids, glucose, and lipids
56
Lymphatic system
A sone-way flow system which begins with tiny lymphatic capillaries in all the tissues of the body that merge to form larger lymphatic vessels Acts like a suction pump to retrieve water, proteins, and white blood cells from the tissues
57
Lymph
Fluid in the lymphatic vessels
58
Lymph nodes
Filter lymph | Important part of the immune system

Biology (9 decks)

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