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Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Roles of the circulatory system

A
  • Distribute nutrients from the digestive tract, liver, and adipose tissue
  • Transport oxygen from the lungs to the entire body and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
  • Transport metabolic waste products from tissues to the excretory system
  • Transport hormones from endocrine glands to targets and provide feedback
  • Maintain homeostasis of body temperature
  • Hemostasis (blood clotting)
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2
Q

Perfusion

A

The flow of blood through a tissue

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3
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood flow

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4
Q

Hypoxia

A

Adequate circulation is present but the supply of oxygen is reduced

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5
Q

Heart

A

A muscular pump that forces blood through a branching series of vessels to the lungs and the rest of the body

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6
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

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7
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart at low pressure

Lack a muscular wall

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8
Q

Important roles of the endothelial cells

A
  • Vasodilation and vasoconstriction: Important in maintaining blood pressure, tissue oxygenation, and thermoregulation
  • Inflammation
  • Angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels)
  • Thrombosis (blood clotting)
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9
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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10
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again

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11
Q

Portal systems

A

Evolved as direct transport systems, to transport nutrients directly from the intestine to the liver or hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, without passing through the whole body

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12
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Supply blood tot he wall of the heart

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13
Q

Coronary veins

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart collects here

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14
Q

Coronary sinus

A

A collection of coronary veins
Blood here is the only blood that does not end up in the inferior vena cava or superior vena cava
Drains directly into the right atrium

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15
Q

Valves

A

Are necessary to ensure one-way flow through the circulatory system

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16
Q

Biscuspid valve

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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18
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

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19
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricles are relaxed and blood is able to flow into them from the atria
Atria contract during diastole to propel blood into the ventricles more rapidly

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20
Q

Systole

A

Ventricles contract

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21
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the “lub-dup” cardiac cycle is repeated per minute

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22
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped with each systole

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23
Q

Cardiac output

A

The total amount of blood pumped per minute

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24
Q

Two principal ways to increase venous return

A
  • Increase the total volume of blood in the circulatory system
  • Contraction of large veins can propel blood toward the heart
25
Q

Synctium

A

A tissue in which the cytoplasm of different cells can communicate via gap junctions

26
Q

Intercalated disk

A

The connections between cardiac muscle cells

27
Q

Role of the parasympathetic system in controlling the heart

A

Modulate the rate by inhibiting rapid automaticity

28
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries

Monitor pressure

29
Q

Hemodynamics

A

The study of blood flow

30
Q

Blood pressure

A

Is directly proportional to cardiac output and peripheral resistance (controlled by the peripheral nervous system)

31
Q

Albumin

A

Essential for maintenance of oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure in the capillaries due only to plasma proteins)

32
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Key part of the immune system

33
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Essential for blood clotting

34
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Large particles consisting of fats, cholesterol, and carrier proteins. Their role is to transport lipids in the bloodstream

35
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume of blood occupies by red blood cells

36
Q

Erythropoeitin

A

Hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow

37
Q

Two most important blood group antigens

A

ABO blood group and the Rh blood group

38
Q

White blood cells

A

Fight infection and dispose of debris

39
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytose debris and microorganisms; amoeboid mortality; chemotaxis

40
Q

B cell

A

Mature into plasma cell and produce antibodies

41
Q

T cell

A

Kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and reject tissue grafts; also control immune response

42
Q

Neutrophil

A

Phagocytose bacteria resulting in pus; amoeboid motility; chemotaxis

43
Q

Eosinophil

A

Destroy parasites; allergic reactions

44
Q

Basophil

A

Store and release histamine; allergic reactions

45
Q

Platelets

A

Derived from the fragmentation of large bone marrow cells called meegakaryocytes
Function to aggregate at the site of damage to a blood vessel wall

46
Q

Fibrin

A

Threadlike protein which forms a mesh that holds the platelet plug together

47
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Converted into fibrin by thrombin

48
Q

Thrombus

A

A scab circulating in the bloodstream

49
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A complex protein composed of four polypeptide subunits

Each molecule can carry four molecules of oxygen

50
Q

Heme

A

A large multi-ring structure that has a single iron atom bound at its center

51
Q

Tense conformation of Hb

A 
Has a relatively low affinity for oxygen
Stabilized by:
-decreased pH
-increased PCO2 (level of CO2 in the blood) 
-increased temperature
52
Q

Relaxed state of Hb

A

Has a higher affinity for oxygen

53
Q

Capillaries

A

Site of exchange between the blood and tissues

54
Q

Three types of substances that must be able to pass through the intercellular clefts

A

Nutrients, wastes, and white blood cells

55
Q

Three main types of nutrients

A

Amino acids, glucose, and lipids

56
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A sone-way flow system which begins with tiny lymphatic capillaries in all the tissues of the body that merge to form larger lymphatic vessels
Acts like a suction pump to retrieve water, proteins, and white blood cells from the tissues

57
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid in the lymphatic vessels

58
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph

Important part of the immune system

Biology (9 decks)

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