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Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells that transmit and process information from one part of the body to another

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2
Q

Action potential

A

Localized area of depolarization of the plasma membrane

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3
Q

Nerve

A

Large bundle of many different axons from different neurons

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4
Q

Leak channels

A

Channels that are open all the time and allow ions to leak across the membrane according to their gradient
There are a large number of K+ leak channels in the membrane

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Made of Schwann cells

Dramatically speeds the movement of of action potentials by forcing the action potential to jump from node to node

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6
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons

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7
Q

Glial cells

A

Specialized, non-neuronal cells that typically provide structural and metabolic support to neurons
Maintain a resting membrane potential but do not generate action potentials

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8
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Found in the PNS

Form myelin - increase speed of conduction on action potentials along axon

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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Found in the CNS

Form myelin - increase speed of conduction on action potentials along axon

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

Found in the CNS
Guide neuronal development
Regulate synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter levels

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11
Q

Microglia

A

Found in the CNS

Remove dead cells and debris

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12
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Found in the CNS

Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

The membrane potential at which a gradient does not exist

There is no net movement of ions across the membrane

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14
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

a neuron will not fire another action potential no matter how strong a membrane depolarization is induced
Voltage gated Na+ channels have been inactivated after depolarization

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15
Q

Relative refractory period

A

a neuron can be induced to transmit an action potential but the action potential has to be very strong

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16
Q

Synpase

A

a junction between the axon terminus of a neuron and the dendrites, soma, or axon of a second neuron

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17
Q

Electrical synpase

A

The cytoplasms of two cells are joined by gap junctions

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18
Q

Chemical synpase

A

an action potential is converted into a chemical signal

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19
Q

Excitatory

A

Neurotransmitters that induce depolarization in a postsynaptic membrane

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20
Q

Inhibitory

A

Neurotransmitters that induce hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

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21
Q

Temporal summation

A

A presynaptic neuron fires action potential so rapidly that the EPSPs or IPSPs pile up on top of each other

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22
Q

Spatial summation

A

EPSPs and IPSPs from all of the synapses on the postsynaptic membrane are summed at a given moment in time

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23
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry information from the nervous system toward organs which can act upon that information

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24
Q

Somatic division

A

Conscious sensation and deliberate, voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

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25
Q

Autonomic division

A

Portion concerned with digestion, metabolism, circulation, perspiration, and other involuntary processes

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26
Q

Ganglia

A

Somas located outside the CNS

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27
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

a clear liquid that serves various functions such as shock absorption and exchange of nutrients and waste with the CNS

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28
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Pathway for information to and from the brain
Site for information processing and integration
Responsible for simple spinal reflexes and involved in primitive processes such as walking, urination, and sex organ function

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29
Q

Medulla Oblongata (Hindbrain)

A

Area of the brain that connects to the spinal cord
Functions in relaying information between other areas of the brain, and regulates vital autonomic functions such as blood pressure and digestive functions (including vomiting)
Respiratory rhythmic centers are found here

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30
Q

Pons (Hindbrain)

A

The connection point between the brain stem and the cerebellum
Control some autonomic functions and coordinate movement
Plats a role in balance and antigravity posture

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31
Q

Cerebellum (Hindbrain)

A

Integrating center where complex movements are coordinated

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32
Q

Midbrain

A

Relay for visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) which is responsible for arousal or wakefulness

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33
Q

Brainstem

A

Consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain

Contains important processing centers and relaying information to or from the cerebellum and cerebrum

34
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon

Contains relay and processing centers for sensory information

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon
Contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions
Has a major role in hormone production and release
The primary link between the nervous and the endocrine systems
Fundamental control center for the endocrine system

36
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Responsible for speech

37
Q

Right hemisphere

A

More concerned with visual-spatial reasoning and music

38
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the brain and consists of the large, paired cerebral hemispheres

39
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Responsible for conscious thought processes and intellectual functions
Play a role in processing somatic sensory and motor information

40
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Initiate all voluntary movement and are involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving

41
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Involved in general sensations (such as touch, temperature, pressure, vibration) and gustation

42
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Process auditory and olfactory sensation and are involved in short-term memory, language comprehension, and emotion

43
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Process visual sensation

44
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Function in voluntary motor control and procedural learning related to habits
Work together with the cerebellum to process and coordinate movement intitated by the primary motor cortex

45
Q

Limbic System

A

Works closely with part of the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain
Important in emotion and memory

46
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Decrease the heart rate and increase the GI activity

Part of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

47
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

Innervate skeletal muscle cells
Use Ach as their neurotransmitter
Have their cell bodies in the ventral aspect of the spinal cord
Have long dendrites extending from the sensory receptor toward the soma, which is located just outside the CNS in a dorsal root ganglion

48
Q

Meninges

A

Protective sheath of the brain and cord

49
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

Has its cell body in the brainstem or spinal cord
Send an axon to an autonomic ganglion located outside the spinal column
ALL autonomic preganglionic neurons release Ach

50
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Send an axon to an effector (smooth muscle or gland)
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release Ach
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release NE

51
Q

Sympathetic

A

All preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic or lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Also called thoracolumbar system

52
Q

Parasympathetic

A

All preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the brainstem or in the lowest portion of the spinal cord, the sacral portion
Also called the craniosacral system

53
Q

Adrenal cortex

A 
Important endocrine gland 
Secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and some sex hormones
54
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Part of the sympathetic nervous system

Release epinephrine/adrenaline

55
Q

Sensation

A

Act of receiving information

56
Q

Perception

A

Act of organizing, assimilating, and interpreting the sensory output into useful and meaningful information

57
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Receptors that detect stimuli from the outside world

58
Q

Interoreceptors

A

Receptors that respond to internal stimuli

59
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical disturbances

60
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Pressure sensors located deep in the skin

61
Q

Auditory hair cell

A

Specialized cell found in the cochlea of the inner ear

Detects vibrations caused by sound waves

62
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to particular chemicals

63
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors
Stimulated by tissue injury
Can be autonomic or somatic
Do not adapt under any circumstances

64
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Stimulated by changes in temperature

65
Q

Electromagnetic receptors

A

Stimulated by electromagnetic waves

Ex. Rods and cones of the retina

66
Q

Stimulus modality

A

The type of stimulus

Determined by the CNS based on the type of receptor that is firing

67
Q

Stimulus location

A

Communicated by the receptive field of the sensory receptor sending the signal

68
Q

Stimulus sensitivity

A

Coded by the frequency of the action potentials

69
Q

Stimulus duration

A

Subject to adaptation and the frequency of action potentials decreases as the stimulus continues at the same level

70
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Fire action potentials as long as the stimulus continues

71
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Only fire action potentials when the stimulus begins
Do not explicitly communicate the duration of the stimulus
Important for communication change in stimuli

72
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Awareness of self

73
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

A sensory organ specialized to detect muscle stretch

74
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

monitor tension in the tendons

75
Q

Joint capsule receptors

A

detect pressure, tension, and movement in the joints

76
Q

Phermones

A

Chemical signals that cause a social response in members of the same species

77
Q

Parallel processing

A

Many aspects of a visual stimulus are processed simultaneously instead of in a step-by-step or serial fashion

78
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulus intensity required to activate a sensory receptor 50% of the time
Important for detecting the presence or absence of stimulus

79
Q

Difference threshold

A

the minimum noticeable difference between any two sensory stimuli 50% of the time

80
Q

Hormone

A

A molecule which is secreted into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland, and which has its effects on distant target cells possessing the appropriate receptor

81
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormone: releasing and inhibiting factors (peptides)

Target/effect: anterior pituitary/modify activity

Biology (9 decks)

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