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BIO 202 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

function of digestion system

A
  • ingestion and motility
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • storage and elimination
  • immune barrier
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2
Q

what is ingestion and motility

A

movement of food through digestive tract

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3
Q

what is secretion

A

released of substances into GI tract

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4
Q

what is digestion

A

breakdown of food molecules into small subunits

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5
Q

what is absorption

A

passage of digested end products into blood or lymph

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6
Q

what is storage and elimination

A

temporary storage before elimination of indigestible food

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7
Q

what is an immune barrier

A

the intestinal lining is the physical barrier to pathogens and toxins

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8
Q

purpose of inegstion

A

entrance of food into our bodies by mouth

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9
Q

purpose of mastication

A

chewing food and mixing with saliva

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10
Q

what is propolsion

A

movement of food along the ddigestive tract

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11
Q

what deglutition

A

“swallowing” tounge pushed masticated food from mouth to oralpharynx

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12
Q

what is peristalsis

A

involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscle of Gi tracts

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13
Q

purpose of churning

A

vigorous mechanical movement by the stomach to grind and break ingested foods

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14
Q

purpose of segmentation

A

contractions of circular muscles of chyme thru gi tract as chyme moves in both directions and is mixed

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15
Q

purpose of digestion

A

breakdown of foodstuff into smaller parts
uses both mechanical and chemical

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16
Q

purpose of absorption

A

movement of monosaccharides, aa, fats into blood or lymph

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17
Q

purpose of defication

A

expulsion of indigestible material out of the body thru the anus

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18
Q

main players of digestive system

A

alimentary canal
accessory organs

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19
Q

function of alimentary canal

A

ingest
digest
absorbs
defecate

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20
Q

Is the alimentary canal one continuous hallow tube from mouth to anus? T/F

A

true

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21
Q

what does the alimentary canal include

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

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22
Q

function of accessory organs

A

assist the process of digestive breakdown

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23
Q

what are the accessory organs

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver/ gallbladder

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24
Q

what are the layers of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa
submucosa
serosa
muscularis

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25
Q

tissue type in the rest of gi tract

A

simple columnar ET

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26
Q

muscle types in muscularis externae

A

circular and longitudinal

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26
Q

what tissues are in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus

A

non keratinized stratified squamous ET

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27
Q

purpose of circular muscle

A

when contracted presses food stuff

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28
Q

purpose of longitudinal muscle

A

when contracted, moves food along canal

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29
Q

what is the alimentar canal inervated by

A

The ANS with enteric plexus

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30
Q

what do the submucosal nerve plexus do

A

gland secretion

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31
Q

what do the myenteric nerve plexus do

A

contractions

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32
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity. beginning of alimentary canal

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33
Q

what is mechanical breakdown in mouth

A

mastications from teeth

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34
Q

what is the chemical breakdown in mouth

A

alpha anylase that breaks down CHO into polysaccharide

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35
Q

what is the touge

A

an accessory organ of the mouth. mixed and initiates swallowing

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36
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

Nasopahryx
oroparynx
laryngoparhynx

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37
Q

____pharynx reviced bolus and sends to _______pharyx

A

oro to laryngo

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38
Q

what divides the pro.. and laryngo…

A

epiglottis

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39
Q

esophagus

A

extends from laryngo… to stomach
25cm

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40
Q

fx on esophagus

A

carry food to stomach via perstailsis

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41
Q

in esophagus lower 2/3rds

A

involuntary smooth muscle

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41
Q

in esophagus what is the upper 1/3rd

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

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41
Q

what is the gastroesophageal spinchter

A

the gateway from esophagus to stomach

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42
Q

what is heart burn

A

“acid reflux” where acid from the stomach is regurgitated into the esophagus
a burning sensation

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43
Q

what is GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

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44
Q

function of stomach

A

in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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45
Q

what shape is the stomach

A

c shapped

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46
Q

where is the stomach located

A

upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity

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47
Q

length of stomach

A

6 to 10 inches

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48
Q

what does the stomach produce to protect itself

A

an alkaline mucus

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49
Q

what is the stomach between in

A

between the esophagus and small intestine

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50
Q

why is the stomach an active structure

A

does strong contractions that aid in breakdown of food

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51
Q

size of stomach when empty

A

size of fist

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51
Q

how does the stomach help in chemical secretion

A

aid in breakdown of food into smaller subunits

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52
Q

size of stomach when really full

A

4L of food/fluid

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53
Q

the stomach serves as a ______ until we ingest

A

holding tank

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54
Q

what is chyme

A

food mixed with secretions that leave stomach little by little

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55
Q

what does the inner oblique do in the stomach

A

mechanical use to grind n churn

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56
Q

what is Ruage

A

the wrinkly impression when the stomach is empty

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57
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric

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58
Q

sig. of cardia

A

where esophagus connects to stomach

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59
Q

sig. of fundus

A

dome shaped superior region of stomach

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60
Q

sig. of pyloris

A

connects stomach to small intestine

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61
Q

sig. of body

A

majority of stomach

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62
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter

A

doorway to small intestine. controls stomach emptying

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63
Q

what is the greater curvature

A

outer curve of stomach

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64
Q

what is the lesser curvature

A

inner curve of stomach

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65
Q

what is the stomach lumen covered iwth

A

mucus cells

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66
Q

what is present in the musus cells to better protecting from self digestion

A

tight junctions

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66
Q

what are ulcers

A

breakdown of mucosal barriers

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67
Q

what can cause ulcers

A

excessive intake of NSAIDs or helicobacter pylori

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68
Q

what does an a perforated ulcer turn into

A

peritonitis

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69
Q

what are gastric pits

A

looks like lil dots that lead into the mucos cell and deep into gastric glands and secrete gastric juices

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70
Q

what are gastric juices

A

mix of digestive enzymes and fluid

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71
Q

what are gastric pits made of

A

mucous cells

72
Q

what are gastric glands made of

A

parietal cell
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

73
Q

how much gastric juices does one produce daily

A

2-4L

74
Q

Sig. of cheif cells

A

in lower region
make pepsinogen (inactive)

75
Q

sig. of parietal cells

A

in middle region
produce HCI which activates pepsinogen into pepsin
aid in B12 absorption

76
Q

purpose of pepsin

A

breakdowns proteins into polypeptides, peptides, + AA

77
Q

Sig. of enter-endocrine cells

A

secrete hormoens: gastrin
ghrelin
histamine
somatostatin

78
Q

what is the release of gastrin triggered from

A

released when proteins/AA enter the stomach
stretching of stomach
acetylcholine detection

79
Q

what is gastrin produces from

A

g- cells

80
Q

fx of gartrin

A

increase gland secretion
(HCI + histamine )
increase stomach emptying
promotes peristalsis at the small and large intestine

81
Q

where is ghrelin released from

A

gastric gland when stomach is empty

82
Q

Fx of grelin

A

stimulates hunger

83
Q

when stomach is ____ grelin levels_____
and appetite ____

A

full, drop, drops,

84
Q

where is histamine released from

A

ECL cells
enterochromaffin cells

85
Q

fx of histamine

A

increase HCI
increase breakdown of proteins

86
Q

where are somatostatin produced

A

in D cells in gastric glands

87
Q

when is somatostatin released

A

in response to SNS Flight or fight

88
Q

what does somatostatin do

A

restricts all gastric secretions
restricts blood flow to small intesting

89
Q

3 phase of gastric secretions

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

90
Q

what is the cephalic phase

A

when we see, smell or think of food and our mouth waters, stomach churns

91
Q

what does the cephalic phase activate in brain

A

cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla oblagata

92
Q

what does the cephalic phase trigger

A

triggers release of actylcholine

93
Q

what phase can depression and loss of appetite supress

A

cephalic phase

94
Q

what triggers acetylcholine in the gastric phase

A

the stretch receptors

94
Q

what initiates the gastric phase

A

when food enters the stomach

95
Q

when does the intestinal phase start

A

when partially digested food enters the duodenum

96
Q

what does the intestinal phase release

A

released intestinal gastrin into the blood which released more gastric juices

97
Q

what happends after the presence of fatty, acidic or partially digested food in duodenum

A

enteropathic reflex

98
Q

what does the enterogastric reflex do

A

closed the pyloric sphincter
increases intestinal hormones and enzyme

99
Q

what is the body’s major digestive and absorptive organ

A

the small intestine

100
Q

shape of small intestine

A

twisted muscular and sausage-like tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

101
Q

which part is the longest part of GI tract

A

the small intestine

102
Q

all food absorption happens where

A

in small intestine

103
Q

how do pancreatic juices and bile flow into duodenum

A

via major duodenal papilla

103
Q

3 subdivisions of small intestine and %

A

duodenum 5%
jujunem 40%
illuem 55%

104
Q

sig of duodenum

A

shortest regions
25cm
receives bile
essential part

105
Q

where is the major duodenal papill a

A

hepatopancreatic spincter
or sphincter of Oddi

106
Q

Sig of jujnum

A

3ft in lenght
b/w duodenum and illeum

107
Q

Sig of illem

A

6ft in length
thick with greater mucosal folds

108
Q

what connects item with large intestine

A

the ileocecal valve

109
Q

small intestine layers additions

A

pilcae circualres
villi
microvilli

110
Q

what are pilcae ciruclares

A

deep ridges to increase SA
curvy to slow down food

111
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections increase SA

112
Q

Microvillli

A

extension of plasma membranes of cells
hairbrush type (brush border)

113
Q

sig of intestinal crypt

A

produces alkaline intestinal juices

114
Q

capillary network

A

absorbs sugars and AA

114
Q

other name for intestinal crypt

A

lieberkum

115
Q

what is runners trot

A

lack of blood flow to cells due to lack of nutrients and water absorption
leads to diarrhea

116
Q

sig of peyers patches

A

prevent bacteria from entering blood

117
Q

chemical digestion in Small intestine

A

brush border enzymes: embedded in the plasma membrane. come in contact with chyme in the lumen to finish digestion

118
Q

Final part of digestive tract

A

large intestine

119
Q

role of large intestine

A

finish of absorption of water + nutrients
synthesize vitamins and form feces

120
Q

what does the large intestine range from

A

from appendix to anus

121
Q

diameter of large intestine

A

3 in

121
Q

how long is large Intest.

A

1.5 meters longs

122
Q

regions of large intsetine

A

cecum
colon
recum
anus

123
Q

sig of cecum

A

pouch like struct

124
Q

loc of cecum

A

inferior to ileocecal valve

125
Q

sig of appendix

A

fingerlike projection
bacterial reservoir to repop intesinal normal flora

125
Q

4 parts of colon

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

125
Q

what does the sigmoid colon lead to

A

the rectum

126
Q

what do the 3 lateral bends (rectal valve) help in

A

separate feces from gas
prevents SHARTS

126
Q

the anal canal

A

where undigested food reaches ( 2in )

127
Q

what do the Simple columnar et have in the large intest

A

houses enterocytes

127
Q

tissues of Large intestine

A

simple columnar ET

128
Q

what are enterocytes

A

an absorptive cell that absorbs water, salts, and vitamins

129
Q

what are goblets cells

A

make mucus to ease movement of feces thru large intestine

130
Q

what is the anus bordered by

A

the internal anal sphincter
and external anal sphincter

131
Q

internal anal spincter
invoulnary or voluntary

A

involuntary smooth muscle

132
Q

external anal spincter
invoulnary or voluntary

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

133
Q

what does potty trainin help control

A

helps control external anal sphincter

134
Q

what is the bacterial flora

A

700 species of bacteria
produces vit k and biotin
essential for chem digestion
uses fermentaion to breakdown CHO

135
Q

what are farts made of

A

CO2 and methane

136
Q

average water intake

A

2 liters

137
Q

what % of water absorbed in large intestine

A

92%

138
Q

what % of water absorbed in small intestine

A

7%

138
Q

water % loss in feces

A

1%

139
Q

what dose aldosterone promote

A

increase water reabsorption

140
Q

what is diarrhea

A

3 or more loose stools a day
sever dehydration and electrolyte loss

140
Q

what happens when water does not absorbs into intestine

A

diarrhea

141
Q

what is constipation

A

to much water in reabsorbed which leads stool to become hard and dry. difficult to defecare

142
Q

what is diverticul divertivulities

A

mucosa of the large intestine protrudes through colon wall

143
Q

what caused diverticul diverticulities

A

a diet lacking in fiber

144
Q

what are hemorrhoids

A

swollen inflamed veins in the rectum and anus
cause discomfort or bleeding

145
Q

what can cause hemorrhoids

A

straining during bile movement
obesity
lack of fiber
pregnancy

146
Q

what is chyme converted to

A

a semisolid feces

146
Q

what is feces

A

undigested foodstuff
millions of bacteria
sloughed off cells
salts and water

147
Q

what casues defecation

A

rise in rectal pressure
relaxtion of internal anal spincter
feces enters anus and urge happends
extenal anal spincter relaxes and defecation occurs

148
Q

what muscles aid in defecation

A

abdominal and pelvic muscles

149
Q

what are the accessory organs of digestive system

A

teeth, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,

150
Q

what do the teeth do

A

assist in digestion by mastication

151
Q

purpose of tounge

A

meat tentacle, mixing, tasting, and swallowing food

152
Q

3 salivary glands

A

paratoid
sublingual
submandibular

153
Q

what do salivory glands do

A

make saliva, and both mucus and serous secretions

154
Q

what does the saliva help in

A

help form bolus and is anti bacterial

155
Q

what enzyme is present in saliva

A

Alpha amylase to start breaking down CHO

156
Q

fx of liver in relation to digestive system

A

MAKE BILE

157
Q

bile producton

A

by hepatocyte

158
Q

how much bile is made daily

A

250-1500mL of bile/day

159
Q

what does bile consist off

A

bilrubin
bile salts
cholesterol
phospholipds
inorganic ion

160
Q

what color is bile

A

greenish

161
Q

what does bile break down

A

breaks down fat so lipase can further break it down more

162
Q

gallbladder

A

a small thin-walled green sac that stores and concentrates bile from liver

163
Q

when is bile released

A

when fatty foods enter duuodenum

164
Q

hepatic duct

A

carries bile from liver joined with cystic duct

165
Q

cycstic duct

A

carries bile gallbladder

166
Q

common bile duct

A

brigs bile from other dicts to the duodenum

167
Q

pancreas

A

long glandular organ behind stomach

168
Q

fx on pancreas

A

both endo and exocrine fxs
undo-release insulin/glucagon islets
exo-digestive fins with acing cells that secrete pancreatic juices

169
Q

pancreatic enzymes

A

bicarbonate
lipase
amylase

170
Q

purpose of bicarbonate

A

neutralizes acids
increased pH so enzymes work better

171
Q

purpose of lipase

A

digest triglycerides

172
Q

purpose of amylase

A

digest starch/CHO and glucose

BIO 202 (6 decks)

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