The Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
function of digestion system
A
- ingestion and motility
- secretion
- digestion
- absorption
- storage and elimination
- immune barrier
2
Q
what is ingestion and motility
A
movement of food through digestive tract
3
Q
what is secretion
A
released of substances into GI tract
4
Q
what is digestion
A
breakdown of food molecules into small subunits
5
Q
what is absorption
A
passage of digested end products into blood or lymph
6
Q
what is storage and elimination
A
temporary storage before elimination of indigestible food
7
Q
what is an immune barrier
A
the intestinal lining is the physical barrier to pathogens and toxins
8
Q
purpose of inegstion
A
entrance of food into our bodies by mouth
9
Q
purpose of mastication
A
chewing food and mixing with saliva
10
Q
what is propolsion
A
movement of food along the ddigestive tract
11
Q
what deglutition
A
“swallowing” tounge pushed masticated food from mouth to oralpharynx
12
Q
what is peristalsis
A
involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscle of Gi tracts
13
Q
purpose of churning
A
vigorous mechanical movement by the stomach to grind and break ingested foods
14
Q
purpose of segmentation
A
contractions of circular muscles of chyme thru gi tract as chyme moves in both directions and is mixed
15
Q
purpose of digestion
A
breakdown of foodstuff into smaller parts
uses both mechanical and chemical
16
Q
purpose of absorption
A
movement of monosaccharides, aa, fats into blood or lymph
17
Q
purpose of defication
A
expulsion of indigestible material out of the body thru the anus
18
Q
main players of digestive system
A
alimentary canal
accessory organs
19
Q
function of alimentary canal
A
ingest
digest
absorbs
defecate
20
Q
Is the alimentary canal one continuous hallow tube from mouth to anus? T/F
A
true
21
Q
what does the alimentary canal include
A
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
22
Q
function of accessory organs
A
assist the process of digestive breakdown
23
Q
what are the accessory organs
A
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver/ gallbladder
24
Q
what are the layers of the alimentary canal
A
mucosa
submucosa
serosa
muscularis
25
tissue type in the rest of gi tract
simple columnar ET
26
muscle types in muscularis externae
circular and longitudinal
26
what tissues are in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus
non keratinized stratified squamous ET
27
purpose of circular muscle
when contracted presses food stuff
28
purpose of longitudinal muscle
when contracted, moves food along canal
29
what is the alimentar canal inervated by
The ANS with enteric plexus
30
what do the submucosal nerve plexus do
gland secretion
31
what do the myenteric nerve plexus do
contractions
32
mouth
oral cavity. beginning of alimentary canal
33
what is mechanical breakdown in mouth
mastications from teeth
34
what is the chemical breakdown in mouth
alpha anylase that breaks down CHO into polysaccharide
35
what is the touge
an accessory organ of the mouth. mixed and initiates swallowing
36
3 parts of pharynx
Nasopahryx
oroparynx
laryngoparhynx
37
____pharynx reviced bolus and sends to _______pharyx
oro to laryngo
38
what divides the pro.. and laryngo...
epiglottis
39
esophagus
extends from laryngo... to stomach
25cm
40
fx on esophagus
carry food to stomach via perstailsis
41
in esophagus lower 2/3rds
involuntary smooth muscle
41
in esophagus what is the upper 1/3rd
voluntary skeletal muscle
41
what is the gastroesophageal spinchter
the gateway from esophagus to stomach
42
what is heart burn
"acid reflux" where acid from the stomach is regurgitated into the esophagus
a burning sensation
43
what is GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
44
function of stomach
in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
45
what shape is the stomach
c shapped
46
where is the stomach located
upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
47
length of stomach
6 to 10 inches
48
what does the stomach produce to protect itself
an alkaline mucus
49
what is the stomach between in
between the esophagus and small intestine
50
why is the stomach an active structure
does strong contractions that aid in breakdown of food
51
size of stomach when empty
size of fist
51
how does the stomach help in chemical secretion
aid in breakdown of food into smaller subunits
52
size of stomach when really full
4L of food/fluid
53
the stomach serves as a ______ until we ingest
holding tank
54
what is chyme
food mixed with secretions that leave stomach little by little
55
what does the inner oblique do in the stomach
mechanical use to grind n churn
56
what is Ruage
the wrinkly impression when the stomach is empty
57
4 regions of the stomach
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric
58
sig. of cardia
where esophagus connects to stomach
59
sig. of fundus
dome shaped superior region of stomach
60
sig. of pyloris
connects stomach to small intestine
61
sig. of body
majority of stomach
62
what is the pyloric sphincter
doorway to small intestine. controls stomach emptying
63
what is the greater curvature
outer curve of stomach
64
what is the lesser curvature
inner curve of stomach
65
what is the stomach lumen covered iwth
mucus cells
66
what is present in the musus cells to better protecting from self digestion
tight junctions
66
what are ulcers
breakdown of mucosal barriers
67
what can cause ulcers
excessive intake of NSAIDs or helicobacter pylori
68
what does an a perforated ulcer turn into
peritonitis
69
what are gastric pits
looks like lil dots that lead into the mucos cell and deep into gastric glands and secrete gastric juices
70
what are gastric juices
mix of digestive enzymes and fluid
71
what are gastric pits made of
mucous cells
72
what are gastric glands made of
parietal cell
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
73
how much gastric juices does one produce daily
2-4L
74
Sig. of cheif cells
in lower region
make pepsinogen (inactive)
75
sig. of parietal cells
in middle region
produce HCI which activates pepsinogen into pepsin
aid in B12 absorption
76
purpose of pepsin
breakdowns proteins into polypeptides, peptides, + AA
77
Sig. of enter-endocrine cells
secrete hormoens: gastrin
ghrelin
histamine
somatostatin
78
what is the release of gastrin triggered from
released when proteins/AA enter the stomach
stretching of stomach
acetylcholine detection
79
what is gastrin produces from
g- cells
80
fx of gartrin
increase gland secretion
(HCI + histamine )
increase stomach emptying
promotes peristalsis at the small and large intestine
81
where is ghrelin released from
gastric gland when stomach is empty
82
Fx of grelin
stimulates hunger
83
when stomach is ____ grelin levels_____
and appetite ____
full, drop, drops,
84
where is histamine released from
ECL cells
enterochromaffin cells
85
fx of histamine
increase HCI
increase breakdown of proteins
86
where are somatostatin produced
in D cells in gastric glands
87
when is somatostatin released
in response to SNS Flight or fight
88
what does somatostatin do
restricts all gastric secretions
restricts blood flow to small intesting
89
3 phase of gastric secretions
cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase
90
what is the cephalic phase
when we see, smell or think of food and our mouth waters, stomach churns
91
what does the cephalic phase activate in brain
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla oblagata
92
what does the cephalic phase trigger
triggers release of actylcholine
93
what phase can depression and loss of appetite supress
cephalic phase
94
what triggers acetylcholine in the gastric phase
the stretch receptors
94
what initiates the gastric phase
when food enters the stomach
95
when does the intestinal phase start
when partially digested food enters the duodenum
96
what does the intestinal phase release
released intestinal gastrin into the blood which released more gastric juices
97
what happends after the presence of fatty, acidic or partially digested food in duodenum
enteropathic reflex
98
what does the enterogastric reflex do
closed the pyloric sphincter
increases intestinal hormones and enzyme
99
what is the body's major digestive and absorptive organ
the small intestine
100
shape of small intestine
twisted muscular and sausage-like tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
101
which part is the longest part of GI tract
the small intestine
102
all food absorption happens where
in small intestine
103
how do pancreatic juices and bile flow into duodenum
via major duodenal papilla
103
3 subdivisions of small intestine and %
duodenum 5%
jujunem 40%
illuem 55%
104
sig of duodenum
shortest regions
25cm
receives bile
essential part
105
where is the major duodenal papill a
hepatopancreatic spincter
or sphincter of Oddi
106
Sig of jujnum
3ft in lenght
b/w duodenum and illeum
107
Sig of illem
6ft in length
thick with greater mucosal folds
108
what connects item with large intestine
the ileocecal valve
109
small intestine layers additions
pilcae circualres
villi
microvilli
110
what are pilcae ciruclares
deep ridges to increase SA
curvy to slow down food
111
villi
fingerlike projections increase SA
112
Microvillli
extension of plasma membranes of cells
hairbrush type (brush border)
113
sig of intestinal crypt
produces alkaline intestinal juices
114
capillary network
absorbs sugars and AA
114
other name for intestinal crypt
lieberkum
115
what is runners trot
lack of blood flow to cells due to lack of nutrients and water absorption
leads to diarrhea
116
sig of peyers patches
prevent bacteria from entering blood
117
chemical digestion in Small intestine
brush border enzymes: embedded in the plasma membrane. come in contact with chyme in the lumen to finish digestion
118
Final part of digestive tract
large intestine
119
role of large intestine
finish of absorption of water + nutrients
synthesize vitamins and form feces
120
what does the large intestine range from
from appendix to anus
121
diameter of large intestine
3 in
121
how long is large Intest.
1.5 meters longs
122
regions of large intsetine
cecum
colon
recum
anus
123
sig of cecum
pouch like struct
124
loc of cecum
inferior to ileocecal valve
125
sig of appendix
fingerlike projection
bacterial reservoir to repop intesinal normal flora
125
4 parts of colon
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
125
what does the sigmoid colon lead to
the rectum
126
what do the 3 lateral bends (rectal valve) help in
separate feces from gas
prevents SHARTS
126
the anal canal
where undigested food reaches ( 2in )
127
what do the Simple columnar et have in the large intest
houses enterocytes
127
tissues of Large intestine
simple columnar ET
128
what are enterocytes
an absorptive cell that absorbs water, salts, and vitamins
129
what are goblets cells
make mucus to ease movement of feces thru large intestine
130
what is the anus bordered by
the internal anal sphincter
and external anal sphincter
131
internal anal spincter
invoulnary or voluntary
involuntary smooth muscle
132
external anal spincter
invoulnary or voluntary
voluntary skeletal muscle
133
what does potty trainin help control
helps control external anal sphincter
134
what is the bacterial flora
700 species of bacteria
produces vit k and biotin
essential for chem digestion
uses fermentaion to breakdown CHO
135
what are farts made of
CO2 and methane
136
average water intake
2 liters
137
what % of water absorbed in large intestine
92%
138
what % of water absorbed in small intestine
7%
138
water % loss in feces
1%
139
what dose aldosterone promote
increase water reabsorption
140
what is diarrhea
3 or more loose stools a day
sever dehydration and electrolyte loss
140
what happens when water does not absorbs into intestine
diarrhea
141
what is constipation
to much water in reabsorbed which leads stool to become hard and dry. difficult to defecare
142
what is diverticul divertivulities
mucosa of the large intestine protrudes through colon wall
143
what caused diverticul diverticulities
a diet lacking in fiber
144
what are hemorrhoids
swollen inflamed veins in the rectum and anus
cause discomfort or bleeding
145
what can cause hemorrhoids
straining during bile movement
obesity
lack of fiber
pregnancy
146
what is chyme converted to
a semisolid feces
146
what is feces
undigested foodstuff
millions of bacteria
sloughed off cells
salts and water
147
what casues defecation
rise in rectal pressure
relaxtion of internal anal spincter
feces enters anus and urge happends
extenal anal spincter relaxes and defecation occurs
148
what muscles aid in defecation
abdominal and pelvic muscles
149
what are the accessory organs of digestive system
teeth, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
150
what do the teeth do
assist in digestion by mastication
151
purpose of tounge
meat tentacle, mixing, tasting, and swallowing food
152
3 salivary glands
paratoid
sublingual
submandibular
153
what do salivory glands do
make saliva, and both mucus and serous secretions
154
what does the saliva help in
help form bolus and is anti bacterial
155
what enzyme is present in saliva
Alpha amylase to start breaking down CHO
156
fx of liver in relation to digestive system
MAKE BILE
157
bile producton
by hepatocyte
158
how much bile is made daily
250-1500mL of bile/day
159
what does bile consist off
bilrubin
bile salts
cholesterol
phospholipds
inorganic ion
160
what color is bile
greenish
161
what does bile break down
breaks down fat so lipase can further break it down more
162
gallbladder
a small thin-walled green sac that stores and concentrates bile from liver
163
when is bile released
when fatty foods enter duuodenum
164
hepatic duct
carries bile from liver joined with cystic duct
165
cycstic duct
carries bile gallbladder
166
common bile duct
brigs bile from other dicts to the duodenum
167
pancreas
long glandular organ behind stomach
168
fx on pancreas
both endo and exocrine fxs
undo-release insulin/glucagon islets
exo-digestive fins with acing cells that secrete pancreatic juices
169
pancreatic enzymes
bicarbonate
lipase
amylase
170
purpose of bicarbonate
neutralizes acids
increased pH so enzymes work better
171
purpose of lipase
digest triglycerides
172
purpose of amylase
digest starch/CHO and glucose
