Final topics Flashcards
what are the Adrenal Gland hormones?
- aldosterone
- cortisone & cortisol
- androgens
- epi & Norepi…
fx of Aldosterone
regulate mineral content of blood
effects kidneys to regulate water and electrolyte balance
what is another name for a mineralcortiocoid
aldosterone
whats another term for Glucocorticoids
Cortisone and Cortisol
fx of cortisone/ cortisol
promote normal cell metabolism
break down fat/protein and convert it to glucose for energy
hypersecretion of gluvovortioids
crushing syndrome
moon face buffalo hump
hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids
excessive water and sodium levels
high BP
fx of androgens
sex hormones
2ndary sex characteristics
what role does Epi and Norepi play
responds to short term stress
other name for anterior pituiatary
adenophypophysis
other name for posterior pituitary
nuerohypophysis
difference between ant and post pituitary
Ant- makes and releases hormones.
Post- releases hormones that were made in the hypothalamus
what are the 2 hormones of the Posterior Pituiarty
Oxytocin and ADH
fx of oxytocin
stim. powerful contraction of uterus
- milk let down
- cuddle hormons
what does oxytocin target
uterus, breast, mammory glands.
fx of ADH
inhibits urine production to reabsorb into blood
what are the 6 hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
- thyroid-stimulating H
- prolactin
- Adreno Corticotropic
- growth hormone
- FSH
- LH
what does ADH target
kidneys and blood vessels
Fx og Growth Hormone
glucose sparing
growth of long bones and skeletal muscles
break down fat for energy
fx of thyroid hormone
switch on genes
stim protein synthesis
increase BMR in most cells
is the pancreas Endo or Exo
both!
what does the pancreas release
pancreatic islets of langerhads
alpha and beta cell s
what are the alpha cells
glucagon
what are the beta cells
insulin
what is released when there is high blood glucose levels and what type of relationship is this
insulin is relased
antogonist
what is released when there are low blood glucose levels
glucagon is released
what is the most important calcium ion regulator hormone?
parathyroid hormone
what are the 3 types of granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what does the parathyroid hormone do
- stim osteoclast to release Ca into blood
- stim kidneys to increase Ca reabsorption
- stim small intestine to reabsorb
what are the 2 types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
characteristics of Neutrophils
most abundant WBC
fine pinkish granules
avid phagocytes 4 infections
SEGMENTED NUCLEI
characteristics of Eosinphils
PHONE LIKE NUCLEUS
coarse lysosome rich granules
active in parasitic infections
characteristics of Basophils
rarest WBC
LARGE BLUE STAINING GRANULES
has histamine (inflammatory) and heparin (prevent blood clotting)
inflammatory response to allergies RXNS
characteristics of Lymphocytes
2nd most abundant RBC
LARGE PURPLE NUCLEI
Tcells bcells and natural killer cells
resite in lymphatic tissues
most to least abundant WBC
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
characteristics of monocytes
largest WBC
abundant cytoplasm
KIDNEY SHAPED
turn into macrophages in tissues
how is Hypoxemia regulated
- detected by the liver and kidneys
- Eryhtropeiten is released
- red bone marrow is stimulated
- accelerated erythropoiesis
- increase RBC & O2 transport
what hypoxemia
low blood O2
other name for RBC
Eryhtrocyte
fx of erythrocyte
RBC delivers oxygenated to the body
other name for WBC
Leukocytes
fx of leukocytes
crucial in body defense against disease
other name for platlets
thrombocytes
are platelets cell?
not cells!
what does the Tricupsid Valve
Separates right Atrium and right Ventricles
what does the Pulmonary Semilunar Valce separate
separates right ventricles from pulmonary trunk
what does the mitral Valve seperate
seperate left atrium from left ventriucles
when do the valves open
when the pressure behind valve is greater than in front
what does the aortic semilunar valve
separates left ventricle from the Aorta
when do valves close
when pressure in front is greater than pressure behind the valve
other name for right AV valve
tricuspid valve
other names for left AV valve
bicuspid and mitral valve
what are the semilunar valves
pulmonary SL valve and
Aortic SL valve
what is the sound of the first heart sound
Lub
what is the sound of the second heart sound
dub
when does the first heart sound happen
when the AV valves close;
when blood from the right atrium enters the right ventricle VIA right AV valve
When does the second heart sound happen
when the pulmonary SL valve close;
blood in the right AV valve enters SL valve to travel into pulmonary trunk. SL valve then closes, DUB
what is authorhtymicity
ability of cardiac muscle to generate its own AP
what is the majority of cardaic myocyte cells
myocardial contractile cells
99% of muscle cells
what initiates and propagates AP throughout the heart
myocardial conducting cells
what is the 1% of muscle cells
myocardial conducting cells
what are the parts of the Intrinsic Conduction in Order
SA node
AV node
Bundle of Hiss
AV branches
Purkinje Fibers
what is known as the Pace Maker of the heart
SA node
what does the SA node do
sets electrical signals to contractile cells to bump blood. sends to AV node
what happens at the AV node
after receiving signals from SA node there is a Delay present.
connect signal from atria to ventricles
sends signal to bundle of hiss
what happens at Bundle of Hiss
fast conducting fibers carry signal to septum. where it meets two conducting paths
Right and Left bundle branches
what happens at the bundle branches
fast conducting fibers that spread AP down septum, to apex, and up ventricular wall and eventually meet the Purkinje fibers
what is a EKG
record of the overall electrical activity of the entire heat over time
gives info about the rate and rhythm of heart beat
what happens at the Purkinje fibers
propagate AP to the contractile ventricular myocytes. from the bottom up
what caused the P wave
atrial depolarization initiated by the SA node
what caused the QRS complex
ventricular depolarization begins at the apex which starts QRS complex.
this also starts atrial repolarization
what is the t wave
ventricular repolarization begins at the apex causing t wave
what do the flat lines indicate in an EKG
when a process is complete or there is a day
what does the P-R segment signify
represents that atrial depolarization is complete along with the signal that is delayed at the AV node
what does a ventricular fibrillation look like
V-fib
scribbled EKG
what does diastole mean
relaxation
what does the S-T segment show
shows that ventricular depolarization is done
what does the T-P segment mean
that ventricular repolarization is done
how does a atrial fibrillation look like
A-Fib
high peaks on EKG
what does systole mean
contraction
what is EDV
end disastolic volume
- the MAXIUMUM amount of blood ventricles will contain during cardaic cycle
what is stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction
what is ESV
end-systolic volume
- the MINIMUM amount of blood a ventricle will contain
how do calculate Stroke volume
EDV - ESV = SV
what is ejection fraction
a fraction of EDV ejected each beat
how do find Ejection fraction
SV / EDV
what is the heart nestled in
the mediastinum
what is the fx of the heart
pump to propel blood to the body by expanding and contracting to change pressure
what is the heart protected by
the pericardium
what are the chambers of the heart
2 atrial chambers ( R & L )
2 ventricle chambers (R & L)
purpose of atria
upper chambers that serve as receiving chambers for blood
purpose of ventricles
lower chambers that pump blood to the lungs or body
what are the two circuits in the heart
pulmonary and systemic
what is the pulmonary circuit and what is returned
heart to lung
O2 is returend to heart
what is the systemic circuit and what is returned
hear to body
CO2 is returned to the heart
where is deoxygenated blood pumped into after flowing through body
right atrium
what delivers deoxy blood into the right atrium
the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
where does blood go to next after being in the right atrium and what valve does it use
blood travels to the right ventricle VIA the right AV valve
where does blood go to after being in the right ventricle and what valva does it use
blood travels to the pulmonary trunk next VIA pulmonary SL valve
what are the next steps after blood is received at the pulmonary trunk
deoxy blood travels into pulmonary arteries to the lungs and exits as Oxygenated blood via the pulmonary veins
what happens after blood is recived at Aorta
oxy blood is sent out to the body and later returned to right atrium as deoxy blood
after oxygented blood is recived at the left atrium where does it go to next and through what valve
oxy blood go to the left ventricle via left AV valva
where does go after being recieved in the left ventricle
after the oxy blood is sent to the Aorta via the Aortic SL valve
what is cardiac output
vol of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute
how do u calculate Cardiac Output (CO)
HR * SV
what are two extrinsic factors used to affect heart and blood vessels
SNS
PSNS
how does the SNS work to effect cardiac output
uses Epi and Norepi
Increase heart rate and blood pressure
how does the PSNS affect cardiac output
used acetylcholine
decreases Heart rate
what is blood pressure
measurement of force against artery walls
what are the two types of factors that can affect BP
Intrinsic: local metalbolies
extrinsic: hormones and ANS
what do local metabolites do
influences arterial radium to better maintain the metabolic needs of the tissue being supplied with blood
what do the baroreceptors do
detect pressure in aortic arch and carotid sinus
baroreceptors decrease SNS which leads to decreased HR
what do the chemoreceptors do
chemical receptors in Aortic and carotid bodies
increase SNS activity
leads to increased HR, BP
what is resistance
factor that slows blood flow
what is blood flow
the movement of blood through vessels/ tissues / or organs
what is change in pressure
pressure gradient
how do u find change in pressure
pressure in one part of the system minus pressure in second part of the system
how do u calculate blood flow
taking change in pressure and dividing it by resistance
what is blood viscosity
the more viscous blood is the more resistance to flow
sig of vessel radius
smaller radius = more resistance, less flow
bigger radius = less resistance. more flow
sig of vessel lenght
does not change variables
when we gain/lose weight we alter the length of vascular supply
