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BIO 202 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an XX individual?

A

Female

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2
Q

what is an XY individual?

A

male

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3
Q

does sex equal gender?

A

no

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4
Q

what is Adrenogenital Syndrome?

A
  • fusion of labia majora to reseable scromtum
    -enlarged clitoris to resemble penis
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5
Q

what is adrenogenital syndrome caused by

A

genitalia of baby girl is masculinized by prenatal hypersecretion of Adrenal Androgens

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6
Q

what is Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome

A

individuals are genetically male but external genitalia and 2ndary sex characteristics are feminine.

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7
Q

another name for XXY syndrome

A

Klinefelter syndrome

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7
Q

what is Androgen insensitivity syndrome caused by

A

target cells’ testosterone receptors so testosterone can exert masculinizing effects

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8
Q

what is Klinefelter syndrome

A

ind. are genetically male but secrete low levels of testosterons
- decreased mucel mass and body hair
- infertility

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9
Q

what is HPG axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal Axis

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10
Q

GnRh

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

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11
Q

what does GnRH release/stim

A

FSH and LH

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12
Q

male and female gonads

A

testis and ovaries

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13
Q

what do FSH and LH do in males

A

FSH- sperm production
LH- testosterone

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14
Q

what do FSH and LH do in females

A

FSH- follicle development/ estrogen
LH- Ovulation

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15
Q

what are the three sex steriods

A
  • progesteron
  • testoserone
  • estrogen
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16
Q

what are the components of estrogen

A
  • estradiol
  • estrone
  • estriol
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17
Q

what is the building bloc fro the sex sterioids

A

cholesterol

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18
Q

what are the male reproductive organs designed to do?

A
  • manufacture sperm
  • deliver sperm to female reproductive tract
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19
Q

what is the males primary reproductive organ

A

the testes

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20
Q

sizing of a testi

A

plum sized
1.5in * 1in

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21
Q

Exo and endocrine f(x) of testes

A

exo- sperm production
endo- testeterone production

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22
Q

what covers each testi

A

tunica albuginea

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23
Q

what happens at seminiferous tubules

A

sperm productions

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24
Q

what happens at the interstitial cells

A

testosterone production

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25
Q

another name for interstitial cells

A

Leydig cells

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26
Q

what is the purpose of the sertoli cells

A

nurse cells that aid in sperm production

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27
Q

pathway of duct system

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus ( vas ) deferns
  • urethra
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28
Q

characteristics of Epididymis

A

cup-shaped
coiled shape
temporary storage for sperm

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29
Q

what long for sperm to mature in epididymis

A

20 days

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30
Q

characteristics of Vas deferens

A

propel live sperm from the epididymis into the urethra during ejaculation

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31
Q

what is cut during a vasectomy

A

the vas deferens

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32
Q

path way of vas deferens

A

start at epididymis
lingual canal
pelvic cavity
over bladder
ampulla
ejaculatory duct

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33
Q

purpose of urethra in male duct system,

A

final portion of the duct system
expel sperm and urine ( not together)

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34
Q

length of male urethra

A

from the base of the bladder to tip of the penis

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35
Q

characteristics of prostatic urethra

A

passes thru prostate

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35
Q

what are the 3 regions of the male urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

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36
Q

characteristics of spongy uretrha

A

the penile urethra

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37
Q

male accessory glands

A
  • semina vessicel
  • prostate
  • cowpers gland
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38
Q

other name for cowpers glands

A

Bulbourethral glands

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39
Q

purpose of Seminal vessicle

A
  • produce 60% of seminal fluid
    thick and yellowish
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40
Q

what does seminal fluid have

A

rich in sugar, vitamin C, and prostaglandins
which nourish and activate sperm

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41
Q

what is the seminal vesicle located

A

located at the base of the bladder

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42
Q

what 2 things form the ejaculatory duct

A

seminal vesicle and ductus deferens

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43
Q

shape of prostate gland

A

single donut shaped gland

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44
Q

purpose of prostate gland

A

produces milky fluid and activates sperm

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45
Q

how is the prostate checked doctor wise

A

prostate is felt through rectum

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46
Q

shape of bulbourethral glands

A

tiny pea-sized glands

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47
Q

loc. of prostate gland

A

encircles upper urethra inferior to bladder

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48
Q

loc. of bulbourethral gland

A

inferior to prostate

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49
Q

purpose of bulbourethral gland

A

produce thick clear mucus that cleans the urethra of acidic urine
- added lubrication of intercourse

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50
Q

what are the male external genitalia

A

the scrotum and penis

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50
Q

what is first to travel down urethra

A

secretions from bulbourethral glands

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51
Q

another name for the secretions from bulbourethral glands

A

pre cum

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52
Q

characteristics of scrotum

A

divided sack of skin with sparse hair
hangs outside of abdominal cavity and hangs loosley
gives temperature control for sperm

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53
Q

what are the muscles that move in the scrotum

A

darters muscles
cremaster muscle

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54
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do

A

helps bring scrotum in or out to control temperature of sperm

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55
Q

purpose of penis

A

deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

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56
Q

parts of the penis

A

root
shaft
glands penis
prepuce

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57
Q

what is the spongy erectile tissue called

A

the Corpus Cavernosum

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58
Q

other name for prepuce

A

foreskin

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59
Q

when dose sperm start to produce in males

A

starts in puberty and goes on the entire male’s life

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59
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

formation of sperm

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60
Q

stages in sperm production

A

early and late spermatogenesis

or meiosis and spermatogensis

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61
Q

steps of early spermatogenesis

A
  • spermatogonium
  • primary spermatocyte
  • secondary spermatocyte
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62
Q

steps of late spermatogensis

A
  • late spermatids
  • spermatoza
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63
Q

how does the sperm mature

A
  • flagella forms
  • acrosomal vesicle forms
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64
Q

purpose of acrosome

A

lysosome-filled sac to penetrate the oocyte

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65
Q

what makes the sperm fast moving

A

it is stream lined

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66
Q

how many sperm made per minute

A

800,000 sperm/day

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67
Q

pH level of semen

A

7.2- 7.6 pH level

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67
Q

how many sperm per day

A

400 million sperm/day

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68
Q

what is semen

A

a milky white and sticky mix of sperm and accessory gland secretion

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69
Q

purpose of pH in semen

A

help neutralize pH of the vagina and protect sperm and increase motility

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69
Q

f(x) of semen

A

to transport nutrients and chemicals to protect sperm and aid in movement

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70
Q

purpose of relaxin in semen

A

open and relax the female duct system

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71
Q

what sugar is in semen

A

fructose 4 fuel

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71
Q

how much semen in ejaculated each time

A

2-5mm

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72
Q

how many sperm is in 1mm of semen

A

50-150 million sperm

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73
Q

how much sperm per session

A

700-750 million sperm per session

74
Q

what do ovaries produce

A

gametes (Ova)

75
Q

what hormones do ovaries make

A

estrogen
progesterone

76
Q

ovary size

A

5cm in L
1.5cm in W
1.5cm in thickness

77
Q

ovaries are located ______

A

Bitlattery

78
Q

ovaries are anchored in place by

A

ligaments

79
Q

what ligaments support the ovary

A

medially by ovarian lig.
laterally by suspensory lig.

80
Q

what are the ovaries surrounded by

A

fibrous CT called tunica albuginea

80
Q

what is loc in the ovary cortex

A

ovarian follices

81
Q

what is loc in the ovarian medulla

A

blood vessels and nerve

82
Q

Purpose of the female duct system

A

providing a passageway out for ovulated egg and possible entry for sperm

83
Q

how long are the uterine tubes

A

4in long

84
Q

uterine tubes extend from

A

fimbriae to uterus

85
Q

parts of uterine tube

A

fimbraie
infundibilum
ampulla
isthum

86
Q

fx of uterus

A
  • harbor a fetus
  • provide nutrition to developing fetus
  • expel fetus
87
Q

characteristics of uterus

A
  • thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ
  • tilts anteriorly over the bladder
88
Q

what cramps in the female system

A

the broad and round ligaments

89
Q

sizing of uterus in non pregnant idv

A

7cm tall
4cm wide
2.5 cm thick

90
Q

sizing of uterus in pregnant women

A

size of a watermelon

91
Q

components of uterine wall

A

perimetrium: serous ct
myometrium: smooth muscle contract
endometrium: mucosolining

92
Q

two parts of endometrium

A

stratum functionalis
stratum baslis

93
Q

purpose of strat. functionalis

A

changes to ovarian hormones
sheds during menstruation

94
Q

purpose of strat. basalis

A

forms new functionalist
unresponsive to ovarian horm.

95
Q

what is fibroids

A

noncancerous growth of uterus
in child baring yeasrs
no association with cancer

96
Q

what is Endometriciosis

A

uterine pathology
6-10% of women
endometrium tissue grows where it shouldn’t
infertility

96
Q

symptoms of fibrioids

A

long menstrual bleeding
pelvic pain
freq urination
constipation
difficulty emptying the bladder.

96
Q

how deep is the vagina

A

4in deep

97
Q

length of vagina

A

cervix to vagina orifice

98
Q

fx of vagina

A

discharging menstrual fluid to serve as an organ of copulation
also provide route of exit for developed fetus

99
Q

characterisitcs of vagina

A

tilts slight posterior
between urethra and rectum
anglandular

99
Q

what is the vaginal rugae?

A

friction ridges that stimulate during intercourse

100
Q

what is the vagina lubricated with

A

by cervical glands
transudation

101
Q

vaginal oriface

A

opening of vagina to external

102
Q

hymen

A

folding of vaginal mucosa

103
Q

what can the hyme be raptured by

A

a tampon
physical activity
sexual intercourse

104
Q

tissue type of vagina in childhood

A

simple cuboidal ET

105
Q

tissue type in vagina after puberty

A

stratified squamous ET

106
Q

What makes lactic acid in the vagina

A

glycogen

107
Q

pH level of vagina

A

3.5-4 pH

108
Q

how the pH level of vagina offer protection

A

dendritic cells for protection against pathogens

109
Q

what is the female external genitali called

A

the vulva

110
Q

what does the vulva include

A

mons pubic
clitoris
urethral orifice
vaginal orifice
labia majora
labia minora

111
Q

mons pubis

A

rounded fatty area overlying pubic symphisc

112
Q

clitoris

A

homologous to the dorsal penis, has erectile tissue with prepuce

113
Q

urethral orifice

A

no reproductive purpose only
exit point of urine

114
Q

vaginal oriface

A

access point to the vagina

115
Q

labia majora

A

similiar to scrotum, outer larger folds

116
Q

labia minora

A

similar to a ventral penis, the inner fold

117
Q

vaginal vestibule

A

door way to vaginal oriface

118
Q

what are the greater vestibule glands similar to

A

bulbourethral glands

119
Q

breasts

A

mounds of tissues overlying pectoralis major muscles

120
Q

2 regions of the brest

A

body: conical to pendulous in shape
axillary tail: extends towards the armpit

121
Q

areola

A

has dermal capillaries and nerve
giving it sensitivity and dark color

122
Q

what happens to the areola during pregnancy

A

increase melanin production.
making it more visible to the baby

123
Q

what do the dermis in areola do

A

smooth muscle fibers that contract in response to cold or sexual arrousment

124
Q

what do the areolar glands do

A

small bumps on the surface of the breast that protect the nipple from chapping and cracking during nursing

125
Q

mammary glands

A

develop during pregnancy
active in lactating breasts
then atrophies l8r

126
Q

how many lobes around nipple

A

15-30 lobes

127
Q

parts of mammary glands

A

lactiferous duct
lactiferous sinus

128
Q

what do the lactiferous sinus do

A

contract epithelial cells to propel milk

128
Q

breast cancer

A

1 in 8 women

129
Q

signs of breast cancer

A
  • palpable lumps
  • puckered skin
  • changes in skin texture
130
Q

how often for breast self examination

A

monthly

131
Q

breast cancer treatments

A

lumpectomies
mastectomy
radiation
chemotherapy
estrogen blockers

132
Q

how long is the avg menstrual cycle

A

28 days

133
Q

what are the two phases in the menstrual cycle

A

cyclic changes in the
ovaries and uterus

134
Q

the 3 phase is ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular
  • ovulation
  • luteal
135
Q

how long is the follicular phase

A

day 1-14

136
Q

how long does the ovulation phase last

A

hours

137
Q

how long does the luteal phase last

A

14 day

137
Q

what hormone starts the menstrual cycle

A

GnRH

138
Q

what does GnRH do

A

stim/release FSH and LH

138
Q

what do FSH and LH do in the follicular phase

A

cause recruitment and growth of primordial follicles into primary follicles

139
Q

what do the follicular cells release

A

estrogen

139
Q

what happens when there is an massive increase of estrogen in the follicular phase

A

high levels of estrogen later inhibit FHS and LH
but also allows for an increased synthesis of and storage of both

140
Q

what effect does the estrogen levels have on the Ant pituiatry

A

a positive feedback effect as it releases soemthing

141
Q

what does the Ant Pituatry realse with high estrogen levels

A

upsurge of LH

142
Q

what triggers Ovulations

A

the LH surge

143
Q

what do the remaining raptured follicular cells turn into after ovulation?

A

the corpus luteum

143
Q

what happens during ovulation

A

the Graafian follicle matures and an oocyte is ejected for the ovary at mid-cycle

144
Q

what are the signs of Ovulation

A
  • cervical mucus is thin and stretchy
  • body temp changes from 0.4 to 0.6 F
  • Mittelschmerz middle pain
145
Q

on what days does the luteal phase happen

A

day 15-28

146
Q

what produces progesterone

A

the corpus luteum
(also produces estrogen and inhibin)

147
Q

what inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion

A

pregesterone, estreogen, and inhbin

147
Q

what leads to the atrophy of the corpus luteum

A

the decreasing levels of LH and FSH

148
Q

what happens to the corplus lutem after it degernetaes?

A

turns into the corpus albicans

149
Q

what does the presence of the new corpus albican lead to

A

leads to decreased levels of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin which ends the blockage of FSH and LH

150
Q

what are the three phases of the uterine cycle

A
  • menstrual
  • proliferative
  • secretory phase
151
Q

what changes does the uterine cycle cause

A

changes in the endometrium

152
Q

what happens at the menstrual phase

A

starts on day 1
loss of tissue and blood from the endometrium lining

153
Q

what happens at the proliferative phase

A

starts right after menstruation and stops till ovulation
the growth of the endometrium glands

154
Q

why do the endometrium glands grow in the proliferative phase

A

because of the increased levels of estrogen

155
Q

what happens at the secretory phase

A

increase levels of estrogen and progesterone that cause secretion from endometrial glands

156
Q

who made the sexual response cycle

A

masters and johnson

157
Q

what are the 4 phases of the sex cycle in order

A

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

158
Q

what can cause stimulation in the male excitement phase

A

visual, mental, or genitalia

159
Q

what does the pelvic nerve activation do in the male excitement phase do

A

causes dilation of the deep artery of the penis
erectile tissue is engorged with blood

159
Q

what nerves are active in the male excitement phase

A

stimulation activates the pelvic nerve which is a PSNS response

160
Q

do males have a plateau phase?

A

no, they just have an extended excitement phase

160
Q

what accessory glands are active in the male excitement phase

A

the bulbourethral glands secrete fluid that clean urethra of acidic urine

161
Q

what are the two orgasm stages in males

A

emission and expulsion stage

162
Q

what happens in the orgasm emission stage

A

SNS neurons from lumbar region activate vas deferens
- which causes peristalsis to move sperm to the ampulla then the urethra
- prostate and seminal vesicles secrete to help seminal fluids
- makes semen

162
Q

what happens at the orgasm expulsion statge

A

semen is now in the urethra and sends afferent signals to the spinal cord. which sends afferent signals to organs
- The internal sphincter is closed to prevent urine in the urethra
-bulbocavernosus muscle contracts and compresses bulb and root of penis to ejaculate

163
Q

who has a refractory period

A

only males, where an erection cannot be achieved

163
Q

what muscle is responsible for ejaculation

A

bulbocavernosus muscle

163
Q

resolution phase in males

A
  • internal pudendal artery constricts which reduces blood flow into the penis
  • trabecular muscles contract and squeeze blood out from erectile tissue
  • penis is flaccid
164
Q

unstimulated phase in females

A
  • uterus is tilted foward over urinary bladder
  • vagina in narrow
  • labia minora is retracted
164
Q
A
164
Q

what stimulation can effect a females excitement phase

A

visual, mental or local stimulation

165
Q

what happens in the female excitement phase

A

the PSNS shunts blood to repro organs
- uterus stands superiorly
- upper end of vagina dilate
- blood flow causes change of color red to purple
- vaginal transudate moistens and lubricates vagina and vestibule
- breasts swell and nipples are erect

166
Q

what happens in the female orgasm phase

A

sns takes over
- involuntary pelvic thrusting followed by stillness
- a sense of heat and elation
- cervix plunges spams into vagina and pool of seme
- paraurethral glands expel fluid
- increase HR, respiration rate, breast enlarge, red skin flush

166
Q

what happens at the female plateau phase

A
  • uterus stands erect and the lower 1/3 of the vagina narrows
    which forms an orgasmic platform
  • vaginal ruguae is stimulated and the vagina contracts on the penis
  • clitoris engores and retracts beneath the prepuce
  • penis tugs on labia minora and pulls on prepuce to stim clitoris
  • clitoris also stim by partners pubic sumphysis
166
Q

why does Male ED happen

A

there is cyclic GMP which is responsible for erection.
phosphodiesterase type 5 breaks down cGMP so no erection happens

166
Q

causes of male ED

A

smoking
drinking
medication
surgery
disabetes
heart diseas
stress
depression
ect

166
Q

female resolution phase

A
  • uterus drops foward
  • vagina is back to normal
  • red flush disappears
166
Q

what is the female ejaculate

A

paraurethral glands

167
Q

another name for Male ED

A

impotence

167
Q

what is male erectile dysfunction

A

inability to develop/ maintain an erection

167
Q

what are male ED treatments

A

viagra, Levitra, and cialis
phosphodiesterase inhibitors

168
Q

what are some female sexual dysfunctions

A

hypoactive sexual desire disorder
sexual aversion dis
sexual arousal dis
female orgasm dis
sexual pain dis

BIO 202 (6 decks)

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