Reproductive System Flashcards
what is an XX individual?
Female
what is an XY individual?
male
does sex equal gender?
no
what is Adrenogenital Syndrome?
- fusion of labia majora to reseable scromtum
-enlarged clitoris to resemble penis
what is adrenogenital syndrome caused by
genitalia of baby girl is masculinized by prenatal hypersecretion of Adrenal Androgens
what is Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
individuals are genetically male but external genitalia and 2ndary sex characteristics are feminine.
another name for XXY syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
what is Androgen insensitivity syndrome caused by
target cells’ testosterone receptors so testosterone can exert masculinizing effects
what is Klinefelter syndrome
ind. are genetically male but secrete low levels of testosterons
- decreased mucel mass and body hair
- infertility
what is HPG axis
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal Axis
GnRh
gonadotropin releasing hormone
what does GnRH release/stim
FSH and LH
male and female gonads
testis and ovaries
what do FSH and LH do in males
FSH- sperm production
LH- testosterone
what do FSH and LH do in females
FSH- follicle development/ estrogen
LH- Ovulation
what are the three sex steriods
- progesteron
- testoserone
- estrogen
what are the components of estrogen
- estradiol
- estrone
- estriol
what is the building bloc fro the sex sterioids
cholesterol
what are the male reproductive organs designed to do?
- manufacture sperm
- deliver sperm to female reproductive tract
what is the males primary reproductive organ
the testes
sizing of a testi
plum sized
1.5in * 1in
Exo and endocrine f(x) of testes
exo- sperm production
endo- testeterone production
what covers each testi
tunica albuginea
what happens at seminiferous tubules
sperm productions
what happens at the interstitial cells
testosterone production
another name for interstitial cells
Leydig cells
what is the purpose of the sertoli cells
nurse cells that aid in sperm production
pathway of duct system
- epididymis
- ductus ( vas ) deferns
- urethra
characteristics of Epididymis
cup-shaped
coiled shape
temporary storage for sperm
what long for sperm to mature in epididymis
20 days
characteristics of Vas deferens
propel live sperm from the epididymis into the urethra during ejaculation
what is cut during a vasectomy
the vas deferens
path way of vas deferens
start at epididymis
lingual canal
pelvic cavity
over bladder
ampulla
ejaculatory duct
purpose of urethra in male duct system,
final portion of the duct system
expel sperm and urine ( not together)
length of male urethra
from the base of the bladder to tip of the penis
characteristics of prostatic urethra
passes thru prostate
what are the 3 regions of the male urethra
prostatic
membranous
spongy
characteristics of spongy uretrha
the penile urethra
male accessory glands
- semina vessicel
- prostate
- cowpers gland
other name for cowpers glands
Bulbourethral glands
purpose of Seminal vessicle
- produce 60% of seminal fluid
thick and yellowish
what does seminal fluid have
rich in sugar, vitamin C, and prostaglandins
which nourish and activate sperm
what is the seminal vesicle located
located at the base of the bladder
what 2 things form the ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
shape of prostate gland
single donut shaped gland
purpose of prostate gland
produces milky fluid and activates sperm
how is the prostate checked doctor wise
prostate is felt through rectum
shape of bulbourethral glands
tiny pea-sized glands
loc. of prostate gland
encircles upper urethra inferior to bladder
loc. of bulbourethral gland
inferior to prostate
purpose of bulbourethral gland
produce thick clear mucus that cleans the urethra of acidic urine
- added lubrication of intercourse
what are the male external genitalia
the scrotum and penis
what is first to travel down urethra
secretions from bulbourethral glands
another name for the secretions from bulbourethral glands
pre cum
characteristics of scrotum
divided sack of skin with sparse hair
hangs outside of abdominal cavity and hangs loosley
gives temperature control for sperm
what are the muscles that move in the scrotum
darters muscles
cremaster muscle
what does the cremaster muscle do
helps bring scrotum in or out to control temperature of sperm
purpose of penis
deliver sperm to female reproductive tract
parts of the penis
root
shaft
glands penis
prepuce
what is the spongy erectile tissue called
the Corpus Cavernosum
other name for prepuce
foreskin
when dose sperm start to produce in males
starts in puberty and goes on the entire male’s life
what is spermatogenesis
formation of sperm
stages in sperm production
early and late spermatogenesis
or meiosis and spermatogensis
steps of early spermatogenesis
- spermatogonium
- primary spermatocyte
- secondary spermatocyte
steps of late spermatogensis
- late spermatids
- spermatoza
how does the sperm mature
- flagella forms
- acrosomal vesicle forms
purpose of acrosome
lysosome-filled sac to penetrate the oocyte
what makes the sperm fast moving
it is stream lined
how many sperm made per minute
800,000 sperm/day
pH level of semen
7.2- 7.6 pH level
how many sperm per day
400 million sperm/day
what is semen
a milky white and sticky mix of sperm and accessory gland secretion
purpose of pH in semen
help neutralize pH of the vagina and protect sperm and increase motility
f(x) of semen
to transport nutrients and chemicals to protect sperm and aid in movement
purpose of relaxin in semen
open and relax the female duct system
what sugar is in semen
fructose 4 fuel
how much semen in ejaculated each time
2-5mm
how many sperm is in 1mm of semen
50-150 million sperm
how much sperm per session
700-750 million sperm per session
what do ovaries produce
gametes (Ova)
what hormones do ovaries make
estrogen
progesterone
ovary size
5cm in L
1.5cm in W
1.5cm in thickness
ovaries are located ______
Bitlattery
ovaries are anchored in place by
ligaments
what ligaments support the ovary
medially by ovarian lig.
laterally by suspensory lig.
what are the ovaries surrounded by
fibrous CT called tunica albuginea
what is loc in the ovary cortex
ovarian follices
what is loc in the ovarian medulla
blood vessels and nerve
Purpose of the female duct system
providing a passageway out for ovulated egg and possible entry for sperm
how long are the uterine tubes
4in long
uterine tubes extend from
fimbriae to uterus
parts of uterine tube
fimbraie
infundibilum
ampulla
isthum
fx of uterus
- harbor a fetus
- provide nutrition to developing fetus
- expel fetus
characteristics of uterus
- thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ
- tilts anteriorly over the bladder
what cramps in the female system
the broad and round ligaments
sizing of uterus in non pregnant idv
7cm tall
4cm wide
2.5 cm thick
sizing of uterus in pregnant women
size of a watermelon
components of uterine wall
perimetrium: serous ct
myometrium: smooth muscle contract
endometrium: mucosolining
two parts of endometrium
stratum functionalis
stratum baslis
purpose of strat. functionalis
changes to ovarian hormones
sheds during menstruation
purpose of strat. basalis
forms new functionalist
unresponsive to ovarian horm.
what is fibroids
noncancerous growth of uterus
in child baring yeasrs
no association with cancer
what is Endometriciosis
uterine pathology
6-10% of women
endometrium tissue grows where it shouldn’t
infertility
symptoms of fibrioids
long menstrual bleeding
pelvic pain
freq urination
constipation
difficulty emptying the bladder.
how deep is the vagina
4in deep
length of vagina
cervix to vagina orifice
fx of vagina
discharging menstrual fluid to serve as an organ of copulation
also provide route of exit for developed fetus
characterisitcs of vagina
tilts slight posterior
between urethra and rectum
anglandular
what is the vaginal rugae?
friction ridges that stimulate during intercourse
what is the vagina lubricated with
by cervical glands
transudation
vaginal oriface
opening of vagina to external
hymen
folding of vaginal mucosa
what can the hyme be raptured by
a tampon
physical activity
sexual intercourse
tissue type of vagina in childhood
simple cuboidal ET
tissue type in vagina after puberty
stratified squamous ET
What makes lactic acid in the vagina
glycogen
pH level of vagina
3.5-4 pH
how the pH level of vagina offer protection
dendritic cells for protection against pathogens
what is the female external genitali called
the vulva
what does the vulva include
mons pubic
clitoris
urethral orifice
vaginal orifice
labia majora
labia minora
mons pubis
rounded fatty area overlying pubic symphisc
clitoris
homologous to the dorsal penis, has erectile tissue with prepuce
urethral orifice
no reproductive purpose only
exit point of urine
vaginal oriface
access point to the vagina
labia majora
similiar to scrotum, outer larger folds
labia minora
similar to a ventral penis, the inner fold
vaginal vestibule
door way to vaginal oriface
what are the greater vestibule glands similar to
bulbourethral glands
breasts
mounds of tissues overlying pectoralis major muscles
2 regions of the brest
body: conical to pendulous in shape
axillary tail: extends towards the armpit
areola
has dermal capillaries and nerve
giving it sensitivity and dark color
what happens to the areola during pregnancy
increase melanin production.
making it more visible to the baby
what do the dermis in areola do
smooth muscle fibers that contract in response to cold or sexual arrousment
what do the areolar glands do
small bumps on the surface of the breast that protect the nipple from chapping and cracking during nursing
mammary glands
develop during pregnancy
active in lactating breasts
then atrophies l8r
how many lobes around nipple
15-30 lobes
parts of mammary glands
lactiferous duct
lactiferous sinus
what do the lactiferous sinus do
contract epithelial cells to propel milk
breast cancer
1 in 8 women
signs of breast cancer
- palpable lumps
- puckered skin
- changes in skin texture
how often for breast self examination
monthly
breast cancer treatments
lumpectomies
mastectomy
radiation
chemotherapy
estrogen blockers
how long is the avg menstrual cycle
28 days
what are the two phases in the menstrual cycle
cyclic changes in the
ovaries and uterus
the 3 phase is ovarian cycle
- follicular
- ovulation
- luteal
how long is the follicular phase
day 1-14
how long does the ovulation phase last
hours
how long does the luteal phase last
14 day
what hormone starts the menstrual cycle
GnRH
what does GnRH do
stim/release FSH and LH
what do FSH and LH do in the follicular phase
cause recruitment and growth of primordial follicles into primary follicles
what do the follicular cells release
estrogen
what happens when there is an massive increase of estrogen in the follicular phase
high levels of estrogen later inhibit FHS and LH
but also allows for an increased synthesis of and storage of both
what effect does the estrogen levels have on the Ant pituiatry
a positive feedback effect as it releases soemthing
what does the Ant Pituatry realse with high estrogen levels
upsurge of LH
what triggers Ovulations
the LH surge
what do the remaining raptured follicular cells turn into after ovulation?
the corpus luteum
what happens during ovulation
the Graafian follicle matures and an oocyte is ejected for the ovary at mid-cycle
what are the signs of Ovulation
- cervical mucus is thin and stretchy
- body temp changes from 0.4 to 0.6 F
- Mittelschmerz middle pain
on what days does the luteal phase happen
day 15-28
what produces progesterone
the corpus luteum
(also produces estrogen and inhibin)
what inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion
pregesterone, estreogen, and inhbin
what leads to the atrophy of the corpus luteum
the decreasing levels of LH and FSH
what happens to the corplus lutem after it degernetaes?
turns into the corpus albicans
what does the presence of the new corpus albican lead to
leads to decreased levels of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin which ends the blockage of FSH and LH
what are the three phases of the uterine cycle
- menstrual
- proliferative
- secretory phase
what changes does the uterine cycle cause
changes in the endometrium
what happens at the menstrual phase
starts on day 1
loss of tissue and blood from the endometrium lining
what happens at the proliferative phase
starts right after menstruation and stops till ovulation
the growth of the endometrium glands
why do the endometrium glands grow in the proliferative phase
because of the increased levels of estrogen
what happens at the secretory phase
increase levels of estrogen and progesterone that cause secretion from endometrial glands
who made the sexual response cycle
masters and johnson
what are the 4 phases of the sex cycle in order
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
what can cause stimulation in the male excitement phase
visual, mental, or genitalia
what does the pelvic nerve activation do in the male excitement phase do
causes dilation of the deep artery of the penis
erectile tissue is engorged with blood
what nerves are active in the male excitement phase
stimulation activates the pelvic nerve which is a PSNS response
do males have a plateau phase?
no, they just have an extended excitement phase
what accessory glands are active in the male excitement phase
the bulbourethral glands secrete fluid that clean urethra of acidic urine
what are the two orgasm stages in males
emission and expulsion stage
what happens in the orgasm emission stage
SNS neurons from lumbar region activate vas deferens
- which causes peristalsis to move sperm to the ampulla then the urethra
- prostate and seminal vesicles secrete to help seminal fluids
- makes semen
what happens at the orgasm expulsion statge
semen is now in the urethra and sends afferent signals to the spinal cord. which sends afferent signals to organs
- The internal sphincter is closed to prevent urine in the urethra
-bulbocavernosus muscle contracts and compresses bulb and root of penis to ejaculate
who has a refractory period
only males, where an erection cannot be achieved
what muscle is responsible for ejaculation
bulbocavernosus muscle
resolution phase in males
- internal pudendal artery constricts which reduces blood flow into the penis
- trabecular muscles contract and squeeze blood out from erectile tissue
- penis is flaccid
unstimulated phase in females
- uterus is tilted foward over urinary bladder
- vagina in narrow
- labia minora is retracted
what stimulation can effect a females excitement phase
visual, mental or local stimulation
what happens in the female excitement phase
the PSNS shunts blood to repro organs
- uterus stands superiorly
- upper end of vagina dilate
- blood flow causes change of color red to purple
- vaginal transudate moistens and lubricates vagina and vestibule
- breasts swell and nipples are erect
what happens in the female orgasm phase
sns takes over
- involuntary pelvic thrusting followed by stillness
- a sense of heat and elation
- cervix plunges spams into vagina and pool of seme
- paraurethral glands expel fluid
- increase HR, respiration rate, breast enlarge, red skin flush
what happens at the female plateau phase
- uterus stands erect and the lower 1/3 of the vagina narrows
which forms an orgasmic platform - vaginal ruguae is stimulated and the vagina contracts on the penis
- clitoris engores and retracts beneath the prepuce
- penis tugs on labia minora and pulls on prepuce to stim clitoris
- clitoris also stim by partners pubic sumphysis
why does Male ED happen
there is cyclic GMP which is responsible for erection.
phosphodiesterase type 5 breaks down cGMP so no erection happens
causes of male ED
smoking
drinking
medication
surgery
disabetes
heart diseas
stress
depression
ect
female resolution phase
- uterus drops foward
- vagina is back to normal
- red flush disappears
what is the female ejaculate
paraurethral glands
another name for Male ED
impotence
what is male erectile dysfunction
inability to develop/ maintain an erection
what are male ED treatments
viagra, Levitra, and cialis
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
what are some female sexual dysfunctions
hypoactive sexual desire disorder
sexual aversion dis
sexual arousal dis
female orgasm dis
sexual pain dis
