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BIO 216 Final/Test 4 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define metabolism

A

the biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy for homeostais

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2
Q

Define organic

A

molecule based on carbon

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3
Q

What are the four important classes of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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4
Q

Carbohydrates consist of …

A

monosaccharides, dissarcharides, and polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

unstaturated; double bonds, bend in fatty acid chain; liguid at room temp(can’t stack easily)
-saturated; no double bonds, no bend, solid at room temp

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6
Q

What is Antherosclerosis and what could it lead to?

A

Lipid containing deposits(plaque ) build up in the walls of blood vessels
-plaques reduce blood flow which could lead to heart attack or stroke

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7
Q

What are substances animals are required to have in their diet that they can not make for themselves?

A

essential amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins

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8
Q

What does the stomach do in digestion

A

stores food and continues digestion

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9
Q

What does the small intestine do in digestion

A

completes digestion and begins the absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

What does the large intestine do in digestion

A

primarily absorbs water and mineral ions from digestive residues

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11
Q

What are sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle form valves between major regions of digestive tract

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12
Q

What are common structures in the mammalian digestive system

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus

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13
Q

What layer is the mucosa in the vertebrate gut

A

Most inner layer, lines inside of gut, has epithelial cells that absorb nutrients, seal of digestive contents form body fluids
-has glandular cells: secrete enzymes, mucus, pH regulation

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14
Q

What is the submucosa in the vertebrate gut

A

Second most inner layer; elastic connective tissue, neuron network, blood, and lymph vessels
-neural network: local control of digestive activity

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15
Q

What is the muscularis in the vertebrate gut

A

Third most inner layer;formed by circular layer (constricts gut diameter) and longitudinal layer (shortens and widens gut): push contents through the gut (peristalsis)
-oblique layer (stomach only)

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16
Q

What is the serosa layer in the gut

A

outermost gut layer, made of connective tissue that is continuous with mesentery (tissue that suspends digestive organs in the abdomen)
-secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction between digestive organs and other organs

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17
Q

Define peristalsis

A

coordinated contractions of circular and smooth muscles produce perstaltic waves that move digestive contents from mouth to anus

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18
Q

Describe the digestive process all the way to the swallowing reflex

A

-Digestion begins in the mouth; teeth breaks down food into smaller bits
-Salivary glands in the mouth secret saliva; salivary amylase digests starch
-Food mass (bolus) is swallowed; through the pharynx and esophagus to stomach
-epiglottis blocks trachea

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19
Q

Describe the swallowing reflex

A

elevation of soft palate prevent food bolus from entering nasal passages
-pressure of tongue seals back of mouth and prevents bolus from backing up
-layrnx moves upward, pushing glottis against epiglottis to prevent bolus from entering airway

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20
Q

Describe the digestion process in the stomach

A

-stomach secretes gastric juices (HCl and pepsin), mucus
-stomach churns acid contents into chyme

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21
Q

Chief cells secrete:

A

pepsinogen: the precursor for pepsin

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22
Q

Parietal cells secrete..

A

-H+ and Cl-

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23
Q

When food enters the stomach..

A

-stretch receptors in stomach wall are activated; stimulate the release of pepsinogen, HCl, mucus

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24
Q

Define Gastrin

A

-major hormone that regulates acid secretion in the stomach

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25
Q

Fat is digested in..

A

small intestines and is digested more slowly than other nutrients, so further emptying of the stomach is prevented until fat is processed

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26
Q

Proteins are broken down by

A

endopeptidases, exopeptidases

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27
Q

Polysaccharides hydrolyzed by

A

-amylase, then disaccharidases

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28
Q

Triglycerides hydrolyzed

A

-by lipase

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29
Q

Nucleic acids hydrolyzed

A

-by nucleases (DNase, RNase)

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30
Q

Absorption of nutrients begins in the

A

-small intestine

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31
Q

Villi and microvilli greatly increase the …. Of intestine

A

surface area

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32
Q

What are intestinal villi

A

-folds of lining of small intestine

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33
Q

What are microvilli

A

projections of the plasma membrane of epithelial cells

34
Q

What is the digestive process in the small intestine

A

In the duodenum, digestive substances from the pancreas(enzymes) and liver(bile) aid the digestive process
-Pancreas secret digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions (neutralize acidity) into ducts that empty into the duodenum

35
Q

What are the three proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

36
Q

What is glucagon and what does it do?

A

-glucagon (alpha cells): is released when blood glucose levels start to fall too low
-cause the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood glucose levels

37
Q

What is insulin and what does it do?

A

insulin (beta cells): causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood
-storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle and stopping use of fat as an energy source

38
Q

Liver secretion bile….

A

-emulsifies fats

39
Q

Bile salts..

A

-aid in fat digestion by forming a hydrophillic coat around fats

40
Q

What is lipase

A

-an enzyme from pancreas that hydrolyzes the fats in micelles monoglycerides and free fatty acids

41
Q

Define micelle

A

structure that has molecules aggregated with the hydrophillic “head” regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic tail regions in the micelle center

42
Q

What is bile, where is it made, where is it stored, and what does it do?

A

bile is made in the liver and the liver secretes bile
-Bile is stored in the gall bladder, released when chyme enters the small intestine
-bile emulsifies fats

43
Q

What is the mechanism of bile salts and fat breakdown?

A

bile salts form a hydrophilic coat around the fats; churning motion of the small intestine emulsifies the fat; breaks down the fat down into droplets called micelles
-lipase hydrolyzes the fats in the micelles; producing monoglycerides and free fatty acids that can diffuse into the intestinal cell

44
Q

What happens in the absorption of fatty acids

A

-micelles(formed by the bile salts) assist in the absorption of fatty acids, monoglycerides and other products of lipid breakdown by lipase
-micelles get digested and hydrophobic molecules in the micelle are released and enter the mucosal cell cytoplasm
-in the mucosal cell: hydrophobic molecules (fatty acids, monoglycerides) are packed into chylomicrons

45
Q

What are chylomicrons, where are they secreted and what do they transport

A

have a protein coat provides a hydrophilic surface that keeps the droplets suspended in the cytosol of the mucosal cell
-secreted into interstitial fluid of the submucosa, taken up by lymph, blood circulation
-They transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

46
Q

Where does the absorption of fluid take place and what happens?

A

much of it occurs in small intestine but some happens in large intestin
-active uptake of salt, passive following of water

47
Q

What appetite-regulating hormone triggers hunger?

A

-Ghrelin

48
Q

What appetite regulating hormone suppresses appetite when after meals?

A

-PYY peptide YY secreted by the small intestine

49
Q

What appetite regulating hormone falls when body fat decreases?

A

leptin; with the decrease in leptin, appetite increases

50
Q

With adipose cells full of fat…

A

-secrete leptin hormone that binds receptors in hypothalamus, stimulates the center that reduces appetite
-increase in metabolic rate(oxidize fatty acids rather than converting them to fat)

51
Q

With adipose cell low in fat

A

-less leptin; hypothalamus increase in appetite
-decrease in metabolic rate

52
Q

What is an overview of digestion

A

-food in stomach stretches walls. Hormone gastrin is released and stimulates the production of gastric juices
-chyme passes into the small intestine. Digestive hormones: Cholecystokinin(CKK) and secretin are released CCK stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gall bladder. Secretin stimulates pancreas to release HCO3-
-if they chyme has a lot of fats, high levels of secretin and CCk inhibit peristalsis in the stomach slowing digestion

53
Q

A person stops eating end of meal due to…

A

insulin acting on cells of hypothalamus; glucose uptake by cells in hypothalamus, mechanoreceptors in gut detect distension, chemoreceptors in gut detect food

54
Q

Absorbed nutrients are delivered to the ….

A

liver
-nutrient molecules absorbed from the small intestine are carried by capillaries that collect into veins
-veins join to form hepatic portal vein

55
Q

Hepatic portal vein leads to capillary bed in the….

A

liver

56
Q

What happens in the liver during digestion?

A

excess glucose is converted into glycogen
-fats and some amino acids are converted into plasma proteins or sugars
-liver synthesizes cholesterol from lipids, carbohydrates and other substances (albumin is made in liver
-liver synthesizes lipoproteins

57
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine and what’s its role in digestion

A

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum
-absorbs water mineral ions from digestive contents
-at end of large intestine, undigested remnants(feces) are expelled from the anus

58
Q

Digestion is regulated by:

A

signals from autonomic nervous system
-activity of neuron networks in digestive tube wall
-hormones secreted by digestive system

59
Q

Regulatory mechanism in digestion respond to…..

A

-signals from sensory receptors that monitor volume and composition of digestive contents

60
Q

What is the enteric nervous system

A

a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system, that directly controls the gastrointestinal system
-embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system; includes efferent, afferent, and interneurons

61
Q

The sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system report on

A

-mechanical and chemical conditions

62
Q

Through intestinal muscles, the motor neurons control …..and churning of …..Other neurons control the ……

A

-peristalsis; intestinal contents
-secretion fo enzymes

63
Q

ENS alters its response depending on such factors as

A

-bulk and nutrient composition

64
Q

Gastrin stimulates..

A

HCl and pepsinogen in stomach and contractions in stomach and intestines

65
Q

Secretin is released when…

A

chyme entrance duodenum, prevents further acid from entering the duodenum until the chyme is neutralized; stimulates HCO3- secretion into the duodenum to neutralize the acid

66
Q

CCK; cholecytokinin, inhibits….

A

gastic activity, allows time for nutrients in duodenum to be digested,absorbed. Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder

67
Q

GIP; glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide, secreted when

A

-a meal enters the digestive tract
-stimulates insulin release by the pancreas
-insulin stimualtes the uptake and storage of glucose

68
Q

Hypothalamus important in determining appetite because

A

-appetite center and satiety center

69
Q

Stop eating end of meal due to

A

-insulin acting on cells of hypothalamus, glucose uptake by cells in hypothalamus
-machanoreceptors in gut detect distension
-chemoreceptors in gut detect food

70
Q

Adipose cells full of fat

A

-secrete leptin hormone, binds receptors in hypothalamus, stimulates the center that reduces appetite
-increase in metabolic rate(oxidize fatty acids rather than converting them to fat

71
Q

Adipose cells low in fat

A

-less leptin
-hypothalamus increase in appetite
-decrease in metabolic rate

72
Q

Ghrelin is a hormone that

A

-triggers hunger

73
Q

Leptin is produced by…. And

A

-adipose and suppresses appetite
-when body fat decreases, leptin levels fall and appetite increases

74
Q

PYY secreted by…

A

-small intestine after meals
-suppresses appetite

75
Q

Where is the lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter?

A

Between the esophagus and stomach

76
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter ?

A

Between stomach and small intestine

77
Q

Where is the ileocecal valve ( sphincter)

A

Separates small and large intestine

78
Q

Colostomy bags are attached to a person’s large intestine to collect feces when patients are incapable of expelling it from the anus. A patient suffering from IBD affecting the middle portion of their colon might receive a colostomy bag on which part of the large intestine
A) appendix
B) upper colon
C) cecum
D) rectum
E) ileum

A

B) upper colon

79
Q

Which of the following aids the most on the absorption of water soluble products ?
A) pancreatic enzymes
B) enterocyte enzymes
C) intestinal mucosa cells
D) both B and C
E) all of the above

A

C) intestinal mucosa cells

80
Q

The agents that help emulsify fats (bile) are produced in

A

Liver

81
Q

The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs in

A

Small intestine

82
Q

After ingestion by humans the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is
A) proteins
B) nucleic acids
C) cholesterol and other lipids
D) carbohydrates
E) minerals

A

D) carbohydrates

BIO 216 Final/Test 4 (5 decks)

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