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Nursing- Bioscience 1 > The digestive system > Flashcards

The digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 basic processes included in digestion?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. secretion
  3. mixing and propulsion
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa

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3
Q

What is the mucosa layer made up from?

A

-epithelium
-aerolar connective tissue
-muscle layers

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4
Q

What is the submucosa layer made up from and what is its function?

A

-has areolar tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis
-contains many blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules

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5
Q

What is the muscularis layer made up from and what is its function?

A

-contains skeletal muscle to produce voluntary swallowing
-and smooth muscle which has involuntary contractions to help break down food, mix it with digestive secretions and propel it along the tract

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6
Q

What is the serosa layer made up from?

A

-a serous membrane composed of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of tooth found in the mouth and what are there functions?

A
  1. incisors= cut food
  2. canines= tear food
  3. premolars= crush and grind food
  4. molars= grind food
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8
Q

What is the function of the uvula in the mouth?

A

Prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity

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9
Q

What is mechanical digestion in the mouth?

A

when food is chewed (masticated) and manipulated by the tongue, ground by the teeth and mixed with saliva

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10
Q

What are the 2 main muscles in the mouth used for mechanical digestion?

A

-Masseter
-Buccinator

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11
Q

What are the 3 main muscles in the mouth used for chemical digestion?

A

-sub-lingual
-sub-mandibular
-parotid

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12
Q

What is the pharynx and what is it composed of?

A

-the throat
-a funnel shaped tube composed of skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane

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13
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

-a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

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14
Q

What is found at each end of the oesophagus formed by the muscularis?

A

-the upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) which consists of skeletal muscle
-the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) which consists of smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is peristalsis and what does it consist of?

A

-a series of wave like muscle contractions that move food from the mouth to the stomach
-theres a voluntary stage from the mouth to the oropharynx (middle part of the throat behind the mouth)
-involuntary stage/ pharyngeal stage from the upper oesophageal sphincter to the oesophagus

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16
Q

What 2 body organs does the stomach connect?

A

the oesophagus to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)

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17
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the stomach?

A
  1. the cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pylorus
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18
Q

What 4 basic layers also compose the stomach wall?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
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19
Q

What is the term rugae?

A

when the stomach is empty the mucosa lies in large folds (called rugae)

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20
Q

What do the glands on the surface of the stomach produce?

A

-mucus
-hydrochloric acid
-pepsin
-intrinsic factor
-gastrin

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21
Q

What is chyme and how is it produced?

A

-pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine
-made by mechanical digestion mixing waves that macerate food and mix it with gastric juice

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22
Q

How is the enzyme pepsin involved in chemical digestion?

A

it breaks the peptide bonds between the amino acids of proteins

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23
Q

What does the mucus produced do in the stomach?

A

-it is secreted by mucous cells coats the mucosa forming a thick barrier between the cells of the stomach lining and the gastric juice

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24
Q

What does the lingual lipase produced by the tongue do?

A

-digests triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides in the acid environment in the stomach

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25
Q

What does the mucous cells of the stomach absorb?

A

-some water
-ions
-short chain fatty acids
-certain drugs (e.g aspirin)
-alcohol

26
Q

After how many hours from eating has the stomach emptied its contents into the small intestine?

A

Within 2 to 4

27
Q

What are the 3 main structures that the small intestine is divided into?

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

28
Q

How is the small intestine highly adapted for digestion and absorption?

A

-its glands produce enzymes and mucus
-the microvilli, villi and circular folds of its walls provide a large surface area

29
Q

What does mechanical digestion in the small intestine involve?

A

-segmentations (divides and mixes chyme)
-migrating waves of peristalsis

30
Q

What do the enzymes found in pancreatic juice, bile and microvilli do to aid absorption?

A

break down disaccharides to monosaccharides

31
Q

What is protein digestion completed by?

A

Peptidases

32
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do to aid absorption?

A

breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

33
Q

What does nucleases do to aid absorption?

A

break down nucleic acids to pentoses and nitrogenous bases

34
Q

What percentage of absorption takes place in the small intestine?

A

90% (10% occurs in stomach and large intestine)

35
Q

Define absorption and the processes which occur within it

A

-the passage of nutrients from digested food in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph
-occurs mostly in the small intestine
-simple diffusion, faciliitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport occur

36
Q

What 3 things does the small intestine also absorb?

A

-water
-electrolytes (ions)
-vitamins

37
Q

Where is the pancreas located in the body and what organ part does it connect to?

A

-found behind the stomach
-passes secretions to the duodenum

38
Q

What is the pancreas made up of?

A

-small clusters of glandular epithelial cells called acini

39
Q

What makes up the exocrine part of the pancreas and what do these cells do?

A

The acini make up the exocrine part and the cells within acini secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

40
Q

What makes up the endocrine part of the pancreas and what do these do?

A

-the islets of Langerhans
-secrete hormones

41
Q

What types of cells are found within the islets of langerhans and what do these cells do?

A

-alpha cells= secrete glucagon
-beta cells= secrete insulin

42
Q

What enzymes are contained in the pancreatic juices?

A

-pancreatic amylase= to digest starch
-carboxypeptidase trypsin + chymotrypsin= to digest proteins
-pancreatic lipase= to digest triglycerides
-RNA/DNA= to digest nucleic acids

43
Q

Why is it good that the pancreas is highly vascular?

A

-having a rich blood supply allows enzymes to be passed on to other structures

44
Q

What are the units for blood sugar?

A

mmol/L or mg/dl

45
Q

What are the 4 main lobes in the liver?

A
  1. right lobe
  2. left lobe
  3. quadrate lobe
  4. caudate lobe
46
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

-the sac located in a depression under the liver that stores and stores the bile produced by the liver

47
Q

What are the several components that make up the liver microscopically?

A

-hepatocytes (liver cells)
-bile canaliculi
-hepatic sinusoids
-reticuloendothelial (kupffer) cells
-central veins
-hepatic veins

48
Q

What part of the liver produces bile?

A

the hepatocytes

49
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

To emulsify lipids

50
Q

What enzyme is produced that causes the gallbladder to contract?

A

cholecystokinin = cck(pz)

51
Q

What are the 2 main components of bile?

A

-sodiumglycochozate
-taurocholate

52
Q

What functions does the liver perform?

A

-secretion of bile
-phagocytosis of bacteria and dead or foreign material by the stellate reticuloendothelial cells
-carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
-processing of drugs and hormones
-excretion of bilirubin
-storage of vitamins and minerals

53
Q

Where does the large intestine extend from and to in the body?

A

from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus

54
Q

What 4 regions does the large intestine consist of?

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
  4. anal canal
55
Q

What 4 portions is the colon of the large intestine divided into?

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid portions

56
Q

What 2 types of cells does the mucosa contain?

A

-numerous absorptive cells that absorbs water
-goblet cells that secrete mucus

57
Q

What is mass peristalsis?

A

a strong peristaltic wave that drives the contents of the colon into the rectum

58
Q

What is the large intestines main functions?

A

to absorb water, ions (e.g sodium and chloride) and some dietary vitamins

59
Q

What do faeces consist of chemically?

A

-water
-inorganic salts
-sloughed-off epithelial cells from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract
-bacteria
-products of bacteria decomposition
-unabsorbed digested materials
-indigestible parts of food

60
Q

What is defecation?

A

-The elimination of feaces from the rectum
-its a reflex action aided by voluntary contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles and relaxation of the external anal sphincter

61
Q

What is micturition?

A

The technical term for wee

Nursing- Bioscience 1 (12 decks)

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