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Nursing- Bioscience 1 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

-several endocrine glands
-many hormone-secreting cells in organs

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2
Q

What is the difference between the role of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?

A

-endocrine system= release hormones into interstitial fluid and then into the bloodstream
-nervous system= controls body activities through the release of neurotransmitters at synapses

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3
Q

How do EXOCRINE glands work and give an example

A

-secrete their product into ducts that carry the secretions into a body cavity, into the lumen of an organ or onto the outer surface of the body
-e.g sweat glands

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4
Q

Give examples of endocrine glands

A

-pituitary
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-adrenal
-pineal

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5
Q

What’s the first main function of hormones?

A
  1. help to regulate: chemical composition, volume of internal environment, metabolism and energy balance, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle, glandular secretions
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6
Q

What’s the second main function of hormones?

A

control growth and development

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7
Q

What’s the third main function of hormones?

A

regulate operation of reproductive systems

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8
Q

What’s the fourth main function of hormones?

A

help establish circadian rhythms

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9
Q

Where is your thyroid gland located?

A

middle of your neck just below the larynx (voice box)

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10
Q

Where is your adrenal gland located?

A

On top of your kidneys

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11
Q

Where is your pituitary and pineal gland located?

A

in your brain

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12
Q

How do hormones bring about an action within the body?

A

they only affect specific target cells that have the specific protein receptors to bind to a given hormone

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13
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones affect cell function?

A

By altering gene expression

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14
Q

How do water-soluble hormones alter cell function?

A

by activating plasma membrane receptors which elicit production of a second messenger that activates various proteins inside the cell

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15
Q

What is hormone secretion controlled by?

A

signals from the nervous system, blood chemistry, and other hormones

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16
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones

A
  1. lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell
  2. activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
  3. newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
  4. new proteins alter cell’s activity
17
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of water soluble hormones

A
  1. binding of hormone to its receptor
  2. ATP is converted to cAMP
  3. cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate certain proteins
  4. activated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
  5. cAMP is inactivated
18
Q

What is a stressor? Give some examples

A

-Any stimulus that produces a stress response, may be pleasant or unpleasant and varies between people
-heat/cold
-environmental poisons
-bacteria toxins
-heavy bleeding from a wound
-strong emotional reaction

19
Q

What are the three stages of the stress response?

A
  1. an initial fight or flight response
  2. slower resistance reaction
  3. exhaustion
20
Q

Explain the process of the fight or flight response

A

-initiated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
- to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (including adrenal medullae)
= quickly mobilises the body’s resources for immediate physical activity

21
Q

Explain how the fight or flight response helps the body to react

A

-brings huge amounts of glucose and oxygen to the organs that are most active in warding off danger:
-the brain becomes highly alert
-skeletal muscles
-the heart to work vigorously to pump enough blood to brain and muscles

22
Q

What is the purpose of the resistance stage of the stress response?

A

-successful in seeing us through a stressful episode and our bodies then return to normal

23
Q

When does exhaustion occur in the stress response?

A

-results from depletion of body resources in the resistance stage
-prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol (stress hormone) and others involved causes wasting of muscles and suppression of the immune system

24
Q

What 2 lobes does the pituitary gland consist of?

A

-the anterior pituitary
-the posterior pituitary

25
Q

How are hormones of the pituitary gland controlled?

A

-by inhibiting and releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus

26
Q

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

the pituitary gland has a master (the hypothalamus) which is it attached to

27
Q

What are the main hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

-hGh (human growth hormone)
-PRL (prolactin)
-TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
-FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
-ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)
-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

28
Q

What are the main hormones made by the hypothalamus and released into the posterior pituitary?

A

-oxytocin (stimulates contraction of the uterus and ejection of milk from breasts)
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys)

29
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of and what does it secrete?

A

-butterfly shaped
-right and left lobes
-secreted hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
-and parafollicular cells which secrete calcitonin

30
Q

What do thyroid hormones regulate?

A

-oxygen use and metabolic rate, cellular metabolism and growth and development
-secretion controlled by TRH from the hypothalamus

31
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

-regulate the homeostasis of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate by increasing blood calcium and magnesium levels and decreasing blood phosphate level

32
Q

Where is the pancreas located and explain the endocrine and exocrine functions it has?

A

-flattened organ located in the curve of the duodenum
-endocrine= islets of langerhan made up of alpha cells= secrete glucagon (increasing blood glucose levels) and beta cells= secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose levels)

33
Q

What are the main physiological effects of hypothyroidism?

A

(under active thyroid gland)
-bradycardia
-cold intolerance
-constipation
-fatigue
-weight gain

34
Q

What are the main physiological effects of hyperthyroidism?

A

(over active thyroid function)
-weight loss
-heat intolerance
-diarrhoea
-muscle weakness

Nursing- Bioscience 1 (12 decks)

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