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MCAT Biology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones involved in feeding behavior

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), aldosterone, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, and cholecystokinin
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2
Q

Hormones that trigger the sensation of thirst

A

ADH and aldosterone: triggers behaviors of fluid consumption

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3
Q

Hormones that trigger the feeling of hunger

A
  1. Glucagon secreted by the pancreas

2. Ghrelin secreted by the stomach and pancreas

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4
Q

Hormones that trigger the feeling of satiety

A

Leptin and cholecystokinin

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5
Q

Three pairs of major salivary glands

A

The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

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6
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Capable of hydrolyzing starch into smaller sugars (maltose and dextrins)

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7
Q

Lipase

A

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of lipids

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8
Q

Pharynx

A

Cavity that leads from the mouth and posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus. Can be divided into three parts:

  • Nasopharynx (behind the nasal cavity)
  • Oropharynx (At the back of the mouth)
  • The laryngopharynx (above the vocal cords)
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9
Q

3 Main energy sources

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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10
Q

The stomach secretes 6 products:

A
  1. HCl (kills microbes, denatures proteins, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin)
  2. Pepsinogen (cleaved in the stomach to pepsin; an enzyme that partially digests proteins)
  3. Mucus (protects mucosa)
  4. Bicarbonate (protects mucosa)
  5. Water (dissolves and dilutes ingested material)
  6. Intrinsic factor (required for normal absorption of vitamin B12)
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11
Q

Pyloric Glands

A

Contain G-cells that secrete gastrin, a peptide hormone

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12
Q

Gastrin

A

Induces the parietal cells in the stomach to secrete more HCl and secrete more HCl and signals the stomach to contract, mixing its contents.

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13
Q

Chyme

A

The digestion of solid food in the stomach results in an acidic, semifluid mixture

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14
Q

Small intestine

A

Consists of 3 segments: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ilium.

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15
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase

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16
Q

Peptidases

A

Including dipeptidase

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17
Q

Brush-border enzymes

A

Present on the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers

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18
Q

Lactose intolerant have symptoms of:

A

Bloating, flatulence, and possibly diarrhea after ingesting dairy products.

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19
Q

Peptidases

A

Break down proteins (or peptides, as the name implies)

20
Q

Aminopeptidase

A

A peptidase secreted by glands in the duodenum that removes the N-terminal amino acid from a peptide

21
Q

Dipeptidases

A

Cleave the peptide bonds of dipeptides to release free amino acids

22
Q

Role of the liver

A

The liver takes up excess sugar to create glycogen, the storage form of glucose, and stores fats as triacylglycerols.
-Fats are mobilized in lipoproteins. The liver detoxifies both endogenous compounds (those made in the body) and exogenous compounds (those brought in the environment)

23
Q

5 parts of the large intestine

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon
  5. rectum
24
Q

Major function of large intestine

A

Water absorption and electrolyte absorption

25
Q

Lipase

A

Degrades fats, specifically triglycerides

26
Q

In humans, most chemical digestion of food occurs in the

A

Duodenum

27
Q

Salivary alpha-amylase begins the digestion of:

A

Carbohydrates

28
Q

Omeprazole is used to treat duodenal ulcers that result from gastric acid hyper-secretion. Omeprazole blocks the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells of the stomach. Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur in a patient taking omeprazole?
A. An increase in microbial activity in the stomach
B. A decrease in the activity of pepsin
C. An increase in stomach pH
D. A decrease in carbohydrate digestion in the stomach

A

D. A decrease in carbohydrate digestion in the stomach

29
Q

Low density lipoproteins:

A

Contribute to hardening of the arteries

30
Q

High-density lipoproteins:

A

Protect against hardening of arteries

31
Q

Metabolic functions of the liver

A
  1. Carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Fat metabolism: the liver synthesizes bile from cholesterol and converts carbohydrates and proteins into fat. It oxidizes fatty acids for energy, and forms most lipoproteins (produces acids called ketone bodies)
  3. Protein metabolism: The liver deaminates amino acids, forms urea from ammonia in the blood, synthesizes plasma protein such as fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin, and most globulins, and synthesizes nonessential amino acids.
  4. Detoxification: Detoxified chemicals are secreted by the liver as part of bile or modified so that they can be excreted by the kidney
32
Q

Storage functions of the liver

A
  1. Blood storage: The liver can expand to act as a blood reservoir for the body
  2. Glycogen storage: the liver stores large amounts of glycogen as an energy reserve that can be used to regulate blood glucose levels
  3. Vitamin storage: the liver stores vitamins such as vitamins A, D, and B12. The liver also stores iron
33
Q

Immune functions of the liver

A
  1. blood filtration: Kupffer cells phagocytize bacteria picked up from the intestines
  2. Erythrocyte destruction: Kupffer cells destroy irregular erythrocytes, although most irregular erythrocytes are destroyed by the spleen
34
Q

A stomach ulcer may increase the acidity of the stomach. The stomach cells most affected by a stomach ulcer are:

A

B. Parietal cells

35
Q 
Which of the following occurs mainly in the liver?
A. Fat storage
B. Protein degradation
C. Glycolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
A

Gluconeogenesis

36
Q

Dietary fat consists mostly of neutral fats called triglycerides. Most digestive products of fat:
A. Enter intestinal epithelial cells as chylomicrons.
B. Are absorbed directly into the capillaries of the intestines.
C. Are degraded to fatty acids by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes
D. Enter the lymph system before entering the bloodstream

A

D. Enter the lymph system before entering the bloodstream

37
Q

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the digestive products of dietary protein?
A. They are used to synthesize essential amino acids in the liver.
B. Some products are absorbed into the intestines by facilitated diffusion
C. Energy is required for intestinal absorption of at least some of these products
D. Deamination of these products in the liver leads to urea in the blood

A

A. They are used to synthesize essential amino acids in the liver.

38
Q

Cholera is an intestinal infection that can lead to severe diarrhea causing profuse secretion of water and electrolytes. A glucose-electrolyte solution may be administered orally to patients suffering from cholera. What is the most likely reason for mixing glucose with the electrolyte solution?
A. When digested, glucose increases the strength of the patient.
B. The absorption of glucose increases the uptake of electrolytes
C. Glucose is an electrolyte
D. Glucose stimulates secretion of the pancreatic enzyme, amylase

A

B. The absorption of glucose increases the uptake of electrolytes

39
Q

Free fatty acids to not dissolve in the blood, so they must be transported within the body bound to protein carriers. The most likely explanation for this is that:

A

Blood is an aqueous solution and only hydrophilic compounds are easily dissolved.

40
Q

Essential amino acids must be ingested because they cannot be synthesized by the body. In what form are these amino acids likely to enter the bloodstream?

A

A. Single amino acids.

41
Q

Major functions of the kidney:

A
  1. Maintaining homeostasis of body fluid volume and thus regulating blood pressure
  2. Maintaining homeostasis of plasma solute composition and helping control plasma pH
  3. Excreting waste products, such as urea, uric acid, ammonia, and phosphate
42
Q

Counter-current multiplier system

A
  1. Pump salt from the filtrate to the medulla
  2. Equilibrate water throughout the system
  3. Shift the filtrate along the tube
43
Q

Aldosterone role in kidney distal tubule

A

Increase the number of sodium and potassium membrane transport proteins in their membranes, causing blood pressure to increase.
-Net effect: lower the filtrate osmolarity

44
Q

Role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Causes the cells to become more permeable to water so that water flows out of the tubule back into the body, and the filtrate becomes more concentrated

45
Q

Amount of filtrate in the urinary tubules

A

Related to the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus

46
Q

If a patient were administered a drug that selectively bound and inactivated renin, which of the following would most likely result?

A

D. sodium reabsorption by the distal tubule would decrease

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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