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The development gap Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development

A

Development is a process of growth and change that affects people’s lives.

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2
Q

What is economic development

A

A measure of a country’s wealth and how it’s generated.

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3
Q

What is human development

A

Human development measures the access the population has to wealth, jobs, education, nutrition, health, leisure and safety as well as political and cultural freedom.

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4
Q

What is standard of living and quality of life

A

Material elements are described as standard of living
Whereas health and leisure are referred to as quality of life

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5
Q

What is the demographic transition model

A

Shows the changes over time in the population

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6
Q

What is the benefits of the DTM and issues

A

+ve:
.Allows easy comparison
.Logical easy to understand
.Useful for predictions

-ve:
.Doesn’t look at the economics
.Corruption of statistics
.Doesn’t tell us the causes of the change

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of economies

A

LIC - countries have a GNI per capita of $1045 or less according to the world bank
HIC - countries that have a GNI per capita of $12,736 or above according to the world bank
NEE- Countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development

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8
Q

What are the different measures of development

A

GDP - total market value of all goods and services produced by a country for a set period of time
Infant mortality rate - number of infants who die before the age of 1 per 1000
HDI - a weighted mix of indexes that show life expectancy, knowledge and SOL
GNI - the total income made by countries’ businesses and people
GNI with purchasing parity - GNI adjusted for differences in costs
Death rate - the number of deaths / 1000 people

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9
Q

Limitations of measures of development

A

Data could be out of date or hard to collect
GOV corruption may lead to data being unreliable
Data may be unreliable
They focus on certain aspects of development and may not take in to account informal economies which are important

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10
Q

What is the Brandt line and problems with it

A

A way of visualising the world that highlights the disparities and inequalities between the wealthy north and poor south.
The world has changed a lot in the last 20 years and the line is too simplistic.

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11
Q

What are economic causes of uneven development (protectionism)

A

Country is a LIC
Country has no power over trade negotiations but has low costs due to labour laws/skills.
Country is imposed tariffs on its exports by others and as a result it can’t subsidise its exports as much as others with domestic producers
Country has to accept the price/conditions given.
LIC producers have low income meaning they can’t invest in new tech or training -> can’t increase scale of output or diversity -> back to no power

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12
Q

What are economic causes of uneven development (trade trap)

A

Country is a LIC
Country only has the infrastructure and skills for farming and many countries produce the same agricultural produce.
Only a few TNC buyers exist and buy from whoever has the lowest price.
Natural disaster/minimum wage/attempts to invest in machinery -> increase prices.
TNC buys from somewhere else leading to no revenue and farmers are unwilling to invest in technology to increase scale or diversity of output -> country in the same position

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13
Q

What are economic causes of uneven development (debt spiral)

A

Country is a LIC
Country/individual borrows credit to pay for basic needs/ trade deficit or development ambition
debt expands
Earnings are committed to debt repayment
Money still needed for basic necessities country/individual borrows credit again

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14
Q

Historical causes of uneven wealth and health

A

Colonialism has lead to some colonies gaining independence -> wars political struggles and more -> money spent on armaments and some governments are corrupt -> held back development

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15
Q

Physical causes of uneven development

A

The most landlocked countries on earth are in Africa. No access to seas means a country is cut off from seaborne trade which is essential for economic growth.
More climate related diseases and pests - which affects the ability of the population to work
Extreme weather often kills in tropical places slowing development and damaging infrastructure.

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16
Q

Uneven wealth and health

A

4 in 10 deaths are children under 15 in LICs whereas in HICs 7 in 10 are people aged 70
The richest 1% of the world’s population is twice as rich as the poorest 50%
LICs- complications of childbirth is the main cause of death under 5 years

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17
Q

What is the importance of Nigeria in Africa (economy, manufacturing and population)

A

Has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa. In 2014 it had the highest GDP in the economy and the third largest manufacturing sector.
>182mil population and the largest population of any African country

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18
Q

Global importance of Nigeria

A

Nigeria supplies 2.5% of the world’s oil - the 13th largest producer
Politically it’s the 5th biggest contributor to UN peace keeping

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19
Q

Political context in Nigeria (colonialism)

A

Colonialism hampered their development as Europeans exploited there resources, including people who were treated as slaves.
Nigeria gained independence in 1960 however it led to power struggles and civil wars. Affecting Nigeria’s development
China investing in the capital Abuja.

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20
Q

Social context in Nigeria

A

Nigeria is a multi-ethical, multi-faith country it has many ethical groups including Yoruba and Igbo. It’s a strength but can also lead to conflict.

In 1967 Igbo dominated South-east tried to become its own country but was stopped, economic inequality between North and South created tensions.

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21
Q

Regional variation in Nigeria

A

Huge levels of wealth and development inequality in Nigeria.
60% in secondary school in urban but only 36% in rural -> rural urban migration
GDP higher in South than in the north.

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22
Q

Nigeria in the wider world (commonwealth)

A

Since becoming a member in 1969, Nigeria is part of the British Commonwealth. It now has equal status with all countries including the UK. It has become a leading member of African political and economic groups as well as the UN.

23
Q

Political links

A

African union - economic planning and peacekeeping group. Nigeria is in an alliance with Niger, Chad, Benin and Cameroon to provide troops
ECOWAS - trading group made up of countries of west Africa, with headquarters in Abuja.
OPEC - aims to stabilise the price of oil and to ensure a regular supply

24
Q

Location of Nigeria

A

Nigeria is a country in west Africa bordering Benin, Chas, Niger and Cameroon. It has a tropical climate with variable rainy and dry seasons.

25
Q

What are TNCs

A

Are a large company that operates in several countries. They locate in other countries due to: tax incentives, cheaper labour, access to a wider market and lax environmental laws.
Benefits:
.Provide employment and development of new skills
.More money spent in the economy

Costs:
.Local workers are poorly paid
.Management jobs go to foreign employers

26
Q

What is Nigeria’s source of income

A

Traditionally primary products were the main source of income. However, the discovery of oil in Niger Delta led to a big change in the economy. It accounts for 14% of the country’s GDP and 98% of its export earnings.

27
Q

Does Nigeria have a balanced economy

A

Since 1999 there have been major changes in the country’s industrial structure
Employment in agriculture decreases due to increased machinery and better conditions in other sectors of the economy.
The growth and communications, retail and finance in the service sector,=.
Industrial and EG has lead to increased employment in manufacturing, construction and pharmaceutics.

28
Q

Does Nigeria have a balanced economy 1 (regular paid incomes)

A

.Regular paid work gives people more secure incomes and provides an even larger market for purchasing products
.As industries grow -> Increased employment and tax revenue
.It also attracts FDI stimulating economic growth

29
Q

What is Nigeria’s main export and imports

A

It’s main export are crude oil and refined petroleum, natural gas, rubber cocoa and cotton.
Its main imports are refined petroleum from the EU and the USA, cars from Brazil and the USA. Fastest growing imports are mobile phones from China.
Its main export is crude oil, until 2013 the USA was the biggest customer however it’s demand is now from India, China, Japan and South Korea.

30
Q

Why is aid used insufficiently

A

Corruption in the government and by individuals
Donors have political influence over what happens to aid
Money may be used to promote the commercial self interest of the donor
The government may divert money for other purposes. Claims aid have been used to build navy.

31
Q

Industrial growth causing environmental issues in Nigeria

A

Nigeria has 8000 regulated industrial plants and 10,000 illegal smalls scale industries this unregulated growth leads to environmental problems.
70-80% of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed.
Desertification is a major problem made worse by large-scale dam and irrigation systems.
Industrial chimneys emit poisonous gases in the air using respiratory and heart problems.

32
Q

Issues caused by urban growth in Nigeria

A

Squatter settlements are common in most cities, services failed to keep pace with the rate of economic growth
Waste disposal has become a major issue
Traffic congestion is a major problem in most Nigerian cities leading to high levels of exhaust emissions.

33
Q

Commercial farming and deforestation

A

Commercial farming and inappropriate practices have lead to land degradation. in some places there is water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion and silting of river channels. The building of settlements and roads have destroyed habitats and added to CO2 emissions. Many species of plants and animals have disappeared in these areas.

34
Q

Mining and oil extraction

A

Mining and extraction of raw and precious materials can lead to serious pollution damaging ecosystems and affecting people’s jobs.
.Tin mining led to soil erosion. Local water supplies also polluted because of toxic chemicals
.Some economic developments in the Niger Delta have caused violent conflicts with local people
.In 2009 11 million gallons of crude oil spill over a 20km squared area of cracks and swamps

35
Q

How has the development in Nigeria affected QOL

A

Increased QOL in Nigeria:
Reliable, better paid jobs in manufacturing industries or services
Improvements in infrastructure such as roads, increase disposable income, to be spent on homes, clothes etc
Better quality health care with more doctors better equipped hospitals

36
Q

How has Nigeria developed

A

In 2000 Nigeria was placed among the least developed nations in terms of wealth and education. In 2011 it had one of the highest HDI improvements in the world over the past decade.

37
Q

Limitations of the development

A

Corruption is a major factor as to why wealth is was not used to diversify the economy as much as it should’ve now the price has fallen. Therefore Nigeria’s over-dependance on oil could present problems in the future.

38
Q

What do further developments in QOL depend on

A

Environmental - pollution of the Niger Delta by oil spills has devastated the lives of the local Ogeni people. pests like Tsetse fly restrict commercial farming. Parts of the North are under threat of desertification.
Social - histprical distrust between several tribe. Religious divide between muslim North

39
Q

Quarrying in the UK

A

Quarrying can have many harmful impacts on the environment
.Destroy natural habitats
.Pollute nearby water sources
.Scar the landscape
However:
.Now there are many strict laws in place

Restoration of quarries:
.landfill
.agriculture
.housing
.flood storage
.habitat creation

40
Q

Torr Quarry Somerset

A

Limestone quarries on the Mendip Hills. 100 people are employed and £15 million towards the local economy each year.
Used to produce 8 million tonnes but now produces 5 million tonnes
Nationally important source of construction materials
Quarrying here aims to be sustainable:
.quarry is being restored to create lakes for recreation and water supply
.Limestone features used to make the landscape natural
.200 acres of site have already been landscaped to blend with the surrounding countryside

41
Q

Why has the Uk economy changed

A

Before 1800 most people in the UK worked in the primary sector. The industrial revolution changed this as many people moved to town and cities for work in the secondary sector. In the last few decades it has changed again with a big shift to jobs in the tertiary sector and jobs in the quaternary sector also being developed.

42
Q

Post industrial economy

A

An economy is where the manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service sector and corresponding development of a quaternary sector.

43
Q

Development of information tech

A

The use of it has transformed the way that people live and work. It’s one of the main factors in the UK’s move to post-industrial economy.
Computers allowed for large amounts of information to be stored and accessed very rapidly enabling people to communicate with each other instantly across the world.
Many people can access it using smartphones and tablets, tech continues to develop at a fast pace

44
Q

What is globalisation

A

The growth and spread of ideas around the world. Movement and spread of cultures, people, money, goods and information.

45
Q

What is deindustrialisation

A

A decline in the manufacturing sector and growth in the tertiary and quaternary sector. Happened because:
.Machines and technology industries
.Other countries can produce cheaper goods as labour is cheaper
.Lack of investment high labour costs and outdated machinery made UK products expensive
.Traditional UK industry such as coal mining, engineering and manufacturing has decline.

46
Q

What is privatisation

A

Privatisation of state run industries in the UK. This was in order to create a more competitive industry,
For example improvement in transport infrastructure

47
Q

What is the North South divide

A

The real or imagined cultural differences between the south of England and North of England
South enjoys higher SOL, longer life expectancy and higher incomes. Increased house prices. Increased congestion and sometimes decrease QOL.
The North South divide is because of the heavy industries and engineering thrived in cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow generating wealth and prosperity.

48
Q

What us the North South Divide 2

A

Deindustrialisation cause unemployment to increase.
London and South-East developed rapidly due to a fast-growing service sector -> increased house prices
FDI encouraged in the North
Transport improvements cause this divide to decrease

49
Q

How does devolution of power solve the divide

A

Transfer of power by a central GOV to a local or regional administration having their own GOV or assumption.

50
Q

What is the UK in the EU

A

The EU is an important trading group. And because of free trade agreements, the UK can trade without tariffs with the EU. Furthermore there were benefits when the UK was in the EU:
.EU laws controlled crime, pollution and consumer’s rights. Having a positive impact on wellbeing and the environment
.EU is single biggest market in the world of goods, services, capital and labour can more freely between member states and encourage free trade
.EU has laws controlling pollution protecting the environment

51
Q

Commonwealth

A

52 member states all former territories of the British empire
Member states have no legal obligation to each other
Covers 25% of the world’s land and spans across all inhabited continents, population of 2.3 billion people
Produces a GDP of $10.4 trillion
Increases trade between the Uk and manufacturing countries -> increasing imports and a greater number of G&S for consumers in member states

52
Q

UK in the wider world (electronics communications and transport)

A

Large amounts of internet data go between submarine cables where the USA and UK internet connection are strongly concentrated
Arctic fibre project connecting Tokyo and London with high speed cables

21.5 million use channel tunnels every year maintaining trade between UK and wider world. Many parts in UK such as Southampton where trade occurs between UK and wider world.

53
Q

UK in the wider world (culture and trade)

A

Television - one of the most successful media exports
2013-14 accounts for 1.28 billion in earnings
UK, film, video and television sectors are worth 12.9 billion
Migrants have also brought their own culture.
Main markets are english speaking countries, however the Chinese speaking market is also growing significantly.

Trade involves the movement of goods and services across the world. The UK’s most important trade links are with the EU. Free trade agreements with EU. The USA is an important historic trading partner, with a recent growth in trade with China,
39,4 billion of cars exported
35.6 billion gas turbines exported

Geography - Human geography (5 decks)

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