Rio de Janiero Flashcards
importance of rio (1)
Brazil’s second most important industrial centre, producing 5 per cent of Brazil’s GDP
A major port - main exports are coffee, sugar and iron ore
Main service industries are banking, finance and insurance
importance of rio (2)
Rio hosted matches during the 2014 World Cup and hosted the 2016 Olympic Games
Stunning natural surroundings and amazing beaches make it one of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere.
Why has Rio grown rapidly
Rural-Urban Migration from Caratinga to Rio is an important way that Rio has grown this is due to the push factors:
Limited schooling and few career options
Limited access to doctors and medical supplies
Dry and unreliable rainfall
Low pay
Failing harvests
Where have migrants in Rio de Janeiro come from
.Other parts of Brazil such as the Amazon Basin
.From other countries in South America, such as Argentina and Bolivia
.More recent migrants have come from South Korea and China seeking new business opportunities
Characteristic of the North zone
.Industrial
.International airport is located here
.Includes areas of favela
Characteristics of South Zone
.Developed after tunnels were cut through mountains
.Rio’s main tourist hotels and beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema
.Dominated by luxury and middle-class flats
Characteristics of West Zone
. New motorways are built here
. lower class -> wealthy middle class
. Industrial area has low quality housing
. Main olympic stadiums are here
Characteristics of Centro Zone (opportunities)
.Oldest part of the city with many historic buildings
.CBD and main shopping area here
.Safe during the day but not at night
Tourists and residents in Rio (opportunities)
6.3 Million residents and 1.2 million tourists to sell to and get to work for you
More opportunities for businesses to sell to tourists
+ larger workforce
Films in Rio (opportunities)
Films produces in Rio make up 85% of the Brazil’s film industry income
Migration + investment from film companies
Increasing interest/tourism -> economic opportunities
Creative job opportunities
Crime in Rio (opportunities)
Number of murders fallen significantly since 1990’s
Safer for tourists -> economic opportunities
Larger workforce
Increased migration because it’s safer
Education in Rio (opportunities)
1000 primary schools & 400 secondary schools
More skilled workers
Leads to more foreign direct investment due to more skilled workforce
Energy in rio (opportunities)
New nuclear generator and HEP plant called Simplicio. 99% of city has access to the power grid.
Better quality of life
Access to the internet
Increase in education as they can use the internet
Challenges in Rio (Education)
In Rio about 90% of children aged ten can read and write because there is a greater number of schools. 25 % of brazils’ poorest Children don’t go to school.
However, only half of all children continue their education beyond the age of 14.
Solutions to education
Encourages local people to volunteer and help in schools
Schools give grants to poor families to help meet the costs of keeping their children in school
Opening a private university in Rocinha favela
Challenges in Water Supply
12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water.
Estimated that 37 percent of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access.
Solutions to the water supply problem
Seven new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014, over 300km of piper were laid.
By 2014, 95% of the population had mains water supply.
Challenges in Energy
The whole city suffers frequent blackouts due to a shortage of electricity.
Many people living in the poorer parts of Rio de Janeiro get their electricity by illegally tapping into mains supply.
Solutions to energy
Installing 60km of new power lines
Building a new nuclear generator
Simplicio hydro-electric complex will increase Rio’s supply of electricity by 30%.
Healthcare challenges in Rio
Most of the healthcare services are not free.
In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic.
Solutions to healthcare
Medical staff took a health kit into peoples homes in Santa Marta and were able to detect many diseases and treat them.
Crime challenges in Rio de Janiero
Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas. The police have taken steps to control crime.
Solutions to crime challenges
In 2013 pacifying police units were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
Police have taken control of crime dominated Complexo de Alemão and 30 smaller favelas.
Challenges of unemployment
Brazil’s economy went into a deep recession in 2015. The richest 1 percent earns 12 percent of the total income. But the income of the poorest 50 percent is only 13 percent of the total.
Informal economy is where many people work in. Which is extremely poorly paid
Solutions of unemployment
Local government uses education to try reduce unemployment. Schools of Tomorrow programme aims to improve education for young people in the poor and violent areas of the city
Economics growth in Rio opportunities
The city provides the 6 percent of all employment in Brazil.
Rio has one of the highest incomes per head in the country.
Traffic congestion in Rio
Estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year in Rio.
Causes:
. High crime levels mean that many people prefer to travel by car
. Tunnels through the mountains are needed to connect different areas of the city
Solutions of congestion in Rio
Expansion of the metro system under Guanabara bay
New toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion
Making coast roads one way during rush hours to improve traffic flow.
Water Pollution in Rio
Guanabara Bay is highly polluted causing a major threat to wildlife. Commercial fishing has declined by 90 percent in the last 20 years.
. Over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each year
. Over 50 tonnes of industrial waste enters the bay each day
. There have been oil spills from the Petrobas oil refinery
Solutions to water pollution
. 12 new sewage works have been built since 2004 at a cost of US $68 million
. Ships are fined for discharging fuel into the bay illegally
Waste pollution in Rio
Favelas are built on steep slopes with few proper roads. This makes waste collection lorries difficult to operate. Waste is dumped and pollutes the water system. Causing disease and encouraging rats.
Challenges of construction in squatter sttlemetns
Houses poorly constructed as they were built illegally
favelas are built on steep slopes and heavy rainfall can cause landslides
Limited road access due to the steepness of slopes
Challenges of services in squatter settlements
Many homes use illegal connections to electricity pylons
12% of homes don’t have running water, over 30% have no electricity and 50% have no sewage connections
Challenges of unemployment in squatter settlements
Unemployment rates are as high as 20%
Average incomes may be less than £75 a month
Challenges of crime in squatter settlements
High murder rate of 20 per 1000 people in many favelas
Drug gangs dominate many favelas
Challenges of health in squatter settlements
High population densities of 37000 per km squared
Infant mortality rates are as high as 50 per 1000
Where are the favelas in Brazil
60% in the suburbs
22% of Rio’s population live in favelas
Favela Bairro project 1
Installation of a cable car system across the complexo de Alemão hillsides - inhabitants are given one free return ticket a day
100 per cent mortgages available allowing people to buy their homes
Pacifying police unit set up, to help reduce crime
Favela Bairro project 2
Access to water supply and drainage system for improved sanitation
Building of new health, leisure and education facilities
Problems of Favela Bairro Project
. The budget of Us $1 billion may not cover every favela
. Newly built infrastructure may not be maintained
. Residents may lack the skills and resources to make repairs
. More training is needed to improve literacy and employment
