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Human Sexuality > The Dark Side of Sex (Exam 3) > Flashcards

The Dark Side of Sex (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: women compete sexually just as much as men do

A

true

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2
Q

why do women compete with each other sexually; what are the benefits?

A

women who win get access to better genes which increases the chance of successful sons and daughters, access to superior resources and boosts social status

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3
Q

true or false: men’s desire for attractive women only pertains to certain cultures

A

false: men’s desire for attractive women is universal

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4
Q

what is the logic of sexual attraction?

A

mate preferences of each sex (mostly) define the domains of competition in the other sex

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5
Q

According to Nancy Etcoff, Americans spend more money on what than education and social services?

A

enhancing beauty

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6
Q

women spend how much more money than men on enhancing their appearance?

A

10 times more

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7
Q

what action do women take that hyperactivates men’s sexual psychology?

A

sexualizing appearance (WHR, clear skin, shiny hair, etc.)

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8
Q

true or false: the degree to which women sexualize/enhance their appearance depends on where they are in their ovulation cycle?

A

true

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9
Q

according to a study by Kristina Durante ovulating women do what more?

A

they wear more sexy and revealing clothing in order to compete with other women - dress for sexual access

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10
Q

an online shopping study revealed that ovulating women were more likely to buy what?

A

revealing/sexy clothing

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11
Q

ovulating women are more likely to what? (3)

A

more desire to go out to parties/clubs to meet potential mates, flirt with people who are not the primary mate, judge other women as less attractive

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12
Q

why does ovulation have such effects on women such as dressing differently and flirting more?

A

ovulation is when a woman’s mate choice is most important/consequential so they increase their chances of choosing well

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13
Q

true or false: women sexualizing their appearance does not risk their sexual reputation

A

false; it does and is therefore a tradeoff between sexual competitions and sexual reputation

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13
Q

true or false: the double standard of ruining a woman’s sexual reputation and not a man’s (slut shaming, whores, etc.) is more enforced by women than by men

A

true

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13
Q

true or false: women will avoid “whores” in order to prevent guilt by association

A

true

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14
Q

what is the possible benefit for women that is worth risking their sexual reputation in mating?

A

the feeling of conquest or successful mating

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15
Q

true or false: bragging rights motivates some women to have sex

A

true

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16
Q

true or false: sex is a strategy used to achieve long term mating

A

true; it doesn’t always work

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17
Q

what is oxytocin?

A

released after sex, give feelings of calm and peace, opens us up to emotional bonding, sensitivity, and openness

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18
Q

what is oxytocin withdrawal?

A

when there is failed emotional bonding after sex it becomes painful and depressing

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19
Q

true or false: revenge sex is not a motivator of sex for women

A

false

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20
Q

what is the “bass player effect” and what are those who do it called?

A

competing for attention from high-status, short-term sexual mates (specifically musical and athletic people) - they are called “groupies”

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21
Q

what is the “polygyny threshold hypothesis”?

A

a woman can gain more resources by securing 1/3 or 1/2 the bounty of a wealth man who already has wives than if she is the only wife of a poorer man

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22
Q

in monogamous cultures, people mate poach for what main reason?

A

in order to get “good” mates that are already mated

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23
Q

what percent of American men and women have tried mate poaching according to the Buss Lab and what was the success rate?

A

53% women, 60% men; 1/2 failed and 1/2 succeeded

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24
Q

what percent of American men and women have attempted ST, sex only, mate poaching (likely underreported)?

A

60% of men, 38% of women

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25
Q

what percent of American men and women have had someone attempt to lure them out of a LT relationship into another LT?

A

93% of women, 82% of men

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26
Q

according to a study of 53 nations by David Schmitt, what regions had the highest and lowest rates of mate poaching?

A

higher in the Middle East and lower in Asia

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27
Q

worldwide, what percent of women and men have been mate poached?

A

12% of men, 8% of women

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28
Q

friends and close family members commonly mate poach, what explains this phenomenon?

A

the “principle of assorted mating” which essentially states that similar attract

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29
Q

what are methods commonly used by mate poachers? (4)

A

point out flaws in the partner, insinuate the partner is cheating, boost a target’s self-esteem, poach when the couple fights

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30
Q

what is the ‘bait and switch” mate poaching tactic?

A

the poacher presents costless sex and either 1) the partner finds out and leaves or 2) the ST sex becomes a LT relationship - both benefit the poacher

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31
Q

what is a common form of revenge for mate poaching?

A

poaching the poacher’s partner or former partner

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32
Q

sexual jealousy is adapted to help what?

A

sexual competition

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33
Q

what is social conflict?

A

one person interferes with the achievement of another’s goals

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34
Q

what do men compete with each other for in society?

A

the same resources, positions, and status

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35
Q

what do women compete with each other for in society?

A

compete for men, if one wins the other loses

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36
Q

what is the social conflict between men and women?

A

women wait a longer time for sex, men prefer a shorter wait therefore requires compromise

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37
Q

true or false: conflict has NO evolutionary purpose

A

true; it is not adaptive for individuals to struggle with the other sex

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38
Q

what evolutions do humans have to alert us to mate interference? (4)

A

anger, distress, upset, jealousy

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39
Q

what is the most common conflict source for men and women with each other?

A

disagreements about sexual access

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40
Q

what is the “error management theory”?

A

psychological mechanisms are designed to be predictably biased when the cost-benefit is not equal when being right or wrong - smoke alarms are biased to have more false negatives

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41
Q

what is the “sexual over perception bias”?

A

men are more likely to read women’s signals wrong for them to not miss vital mating opportunities - men who overestimate their own value are especially prone and more if the woman is attractive

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42
Q

men use sexual aggressiveness as a strategy to do what?

A

to minimize the costs they incur for sexual access - these include touching a woman without her permission, forcing sexual activities, etc.

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43
Q

true or false: men overestimate how unacceptable women find sexual aggression

A

false; they greatly UNDERESTIMATE - may be why they have little empathy for rape victims

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44
Q

true or false: women overestimate how upsetting sexual aggression is for men

A

true

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45
Q

what does withholding sex do to a woman’s perceived mate value?

A

it increases because it makes her seem more desirable and harder to get

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46
Q

what are the two ways humans solve adaptive problems?

A
  1. by their own labor
  2. by securing the labor of others
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47
Q

it is beneficial to a woman for a man to express his feelings, but it is not beneficial for the man why?

A

because he needs to divide his reproductive resources because investing less emotionally allows for resources to be channeled to other women or other goals

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48
Q

emotions often betray the degree of what?

A

investment

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49
Q

being moody and emotional is a tactic for women to achieve what?

A

elicit male commitment because dealing with emotions is exhausting - it is also a small test for the degree of commitment

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50
Q

conflict over neglect and unreliability reflects conflict over what?

A

investment of time and effort

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51
Q

true or false: women’s complaints of neglect and unreliability increase after marriage

A

true

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52
Q

while women try to sequester a mate’s investment, men try to channel portions of their efforts to what?

A

to raising their status and acquiring more mates

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53
Q

when people accuse partners of selfishness they are referring to what?

A

allocating resources away from the spouse or kids

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54
Q

true or false: humans are not designed to coexist peacefully mating bliss

A

true; they are designed for individual survival and reproduction

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55
Q

what way does an orchid trick male wasps into pollination?

A

they have the scent of female wasps and have brightly colored flower petals that lure males over

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56
Q

females are more likely to be deceivers in what?

A

sexual deceivers

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57
Q

males are more likely to be deceivers in what?

A

commitment deceivers

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58
Q

what are 2 psychological abuse tactics?

A
  1. condescension: man > woman because he’s a man and she’s inferior and stupid, lower her sense of desirability
  2. contempt
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59
Q

men’s motive for battering their wives is what?

A

coercive control - losing control of his wife, being jealous

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60
Q

in the Yanamamo, men regularly strike their wives for serving tea too slow, etc. but this is accepted, why?

A

women see it as the depth of love the man has for them

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61
Q

what is sexual harassment?

A

unwanted, unsolicited sexual attention from other individuals in workplace

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62
Q

what are common motivators for sexual harassment? (3)

A

a desire for ST sex, power, or search for LT

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63
Q

sexual harassment victims are usually what group?

A

young, physically attractive, single women, ages 20-35

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64
Q

true or false: single and divorced women are more likely the victims of harassment than married women

A

true; they are seen as more likely to reciprocate or easily exploitable

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65
Q

true or false: women’s distress to repeated date offers after refusal is not varied

A

false; depends on the status of the man

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66
Q

rape is likely a side effect of what?

A

men’s sexual strategy of seeking low cost casual sex

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67
Q

what is Thornhill’s theory about rape?

A

that men evolved rape adaptations as a reproductive strategy - there is NO conclusive evidence for this

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68
Q

what are the 6 adaptations that may have evolved in the male mind according to the rape-as-adaptation theory by Thornhill?

A
  1. assessment of potential victim vulnerability
  2. context sensitive switch motivates rape by men without access to consenting mates (men low value)
  3. preference for fertile victims
  4. increase sperm count in rape vs. consensual sex
  5. male arousal to use of force or female resistance
  6. context specific marital rape when sperm competition ma exist (suspicious of female infidelity)
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69
Q

true or false: men are aroused by consenting and nonconsenting sex scenarios

A

true; violence and victim’s disgust and pain cause arousal in most men - BUT this evidence can’t be differentiated for either Palmer or Thornhill’s theories

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70
Q

what is some evidence against Thornhill’s theory of rape?

A

Higher-status men report using MORE force in sex and men with more partners also report using more force

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71
Q

what is Palmer’s theory of rape?

A

rape is a byproduct of other evolved mechanisms like males desire for sexual variety, low-cost sex, physical aggression to achieve goals, etc.

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72
Q

true or false: fertile women are the most common rape victims

A

true

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73
Q

what is the difference in stats for rape based pregnancies vs. consensual sex ones?

A

rape-based pregnancies are 2% higher than consensual sex ones - may be because rapists choose more attractive, fertile mates than they could naturally attract

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74
Q

men who would rape are typically what?

A

hostile towards women, endorse the myth that women WANT rape, are impulsive, hostile, low agreeableness, low empathy, hypermasculinity, high promiscuity

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75
Q

marital rape is most common in what circumstances?

A

when the man suspects woman’s infidelity, and during or after a breakup

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76
Q

what is the evolutionary cost of rape for women?

A

it is a loss of the woman’s choice of mate which is key to her reproductive strategy and she could lose her mate if rape is seen as consensual

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77
Q

what are 5 hypothesized adaptations women ma have to defend against rape?

A
  1. psychological pain caused by it leads to avoidance
  2. formation of alliances with men as “specialized friends” for protection
  3. form woman-woman coalitions for protection
  4. specialized fears that motivate to avoid rape
  5. shunning of risky activities during ovulation which decrease the odds of sexual assault when conception is likely
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78
Q

true or false: women fear acquaintance rape more than stranger rape

A

false; they fear stranger rape more but it is less common

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79
Q

when is a woman’s anger evoked evolutionarily?

A

when men tr to constrict her power or choice (he’s controlling, abusive, condescending, etc.)

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80
Q

when is a man’s anger evoked evolutionarily?

A

when women deny him his mating strategy (refusal of sex, hookup with other men, etc.)

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81
Q

true or false: divorce is not seen in all cultures

A

false

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82
Q

true or false: it was not adaptive for men and women in the ancestral past to assess and encourage alternate mates

A

false; it was very adaptive due to males risky behavior in hunting and war and women’s risk of dying in childbirth - searching and assessment would be done PRIOR to mate death

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83
Q

what are the 3 major break-up causes ancestrally?

A
  1. current mate is less desirable
  2. increase in one’s own value leads to new mating opportunity
  3. compelling alternatives available
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84
Q

why do humans continue to evaluate outside options while in a relationship?

A

those who were unprepared for losing their mate in the past were reproductively disadvantaged

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85
Q

the happiness in mateships are partially determined by what?

A

the discrepancies between one’s partner’s mate value and the value of alternate’s in the environment

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86
Q

what are some tactics for expelling a mate?

A

violate their mate’s expectations, men withhold resources, women decrease men’s certainty of paternity by cheating or withholding sex, cruel/harshness

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87
Q

men and women evaluate changes in mate by different standards why and what are those differences?

A

they have different benefits; women evaluate by resources and men evaluate by reproductive capacity

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88
Q

what are the top two, cross-cultural reasons for divorce?

A
  1. infidelity
  2. infertility
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89
Q

what is the most powerful indicator of a males failure to retain access to a woman’s reproductive capacity?

A

a woman’s infidelity

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90
Q

divorce is more common if which sex cheats?

A

women; partially because in many societies divorce only allowed if she’s unfaithful not him (double standard)

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91
Q

true or false: men and women are equally unfaithful

A

false; men are more likely

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92
Q

what are 3 reasons why divorce rates are more commonly when the woman cheats?

A
  1. men have more power to force her to stay
  2. women may be more forgiving (cost is less for them)
  3. women forced to tolerate due to the high cost of divorce especially with kids
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93
Q

what is an example that proves people care about justifying divorce?

A

Truk men start rumors that their wives cheat in order to divorce her

94
Q

ring doves and other birds have a 25% rate of what per season?

A

divorce due to infertility

95
Q

in the Andaman Islands, what classifies as a consummated marriage?

A

the birth of a child

96
Q

true or false: men and women’s fertility rates decrease with age at the same rate

A

false; females’ decreases more

97
Q

what is a common tactic for women to divorce?

A

become cold, distant detached sexually and physically

98
Q

when a woman makes more money than a man it often leads to divorce, but by who’s choice?

A

the woman’s

99
Q

what are two common problems with multiple wives?

A

resource distribution and sex distribution

100
Q

how is the distribution problem of many wives solved by Kipsigis men?

A

they are strictly equal spending one day per wife and each having a plot of land

101
Q

what is sororal polygeny?

A

cowives are sisters, generally decreases conflict because the genetic relation leads to convergent interests

102
Q

what is one of the most highly valued characteristics in a mate for men and women?

A

kindness

103
Q

what is the third most common reason for breakups/divorces and why?

A

cruelty; 1.adultery and 2.infertility lead to unkindness and it is very effective in purposeful breakups

104
Q

what are 5 mate ejection tactics?

A
  1. tell partner both should see other people
  2. cheat and let them find out (effective and dangerous)
  3. withdrawal various resources ( affection, gifts sex, etc.)
    Inflicting costs:
  4. verbal/physical abuse
  5. ghosting
105
Q

true or false: breakups are in the top 5 most stressful life events

A

true; because you lose benefits and social status

106
Q

what are some common tactics for coping with breakups? (6)

A
  1. talking with friends (women more)
  2. sleeping with others
  3. shopping (women more)
  4. alcohol/drugs
  5. “stalk” ex
  6. attempt to remate or revenge
107
Q

what are some ways to increase the odds of a successful relationship?

A

remain faithful, produce children, secure ample economic resources, be kind, generous, understanding, attend to sexual and emotional desires of the mate

108
Q

mate-switching is an adaptation to what?

A

unpredictable environmental issues

109
Q

what are the benefits to a faithful relationship? (3)

A

division of labor, sharing resources, extended kin network

110
Q

what are the costs of an unfaithful relationship? (5)

A

kin bonds ripped apart, loss of essential resources, possible dangerous stepparents, women lose resources, protection, parental investment, and men lose valuable reproductive capacities and material investment

111
Q

human mating and prevention of mate poaching is analogous to that of what? And what 2 prevention techniques are shared?

A

insects; concealment (move from competition, disguise attraction, or ide obvious courtship) and physical prevention (staying with woman to repel competition, copulatory plugs, broken genitalia inside

112
Q

human men and women use mate-keeping tactics while only male insects use them, why?

A

because human males and females lose equally when they fail

113
Q

what is the earliest historical example of mate poaching?

A

King David and Bathsheba

114
Q

true or false: more females than males admit to attempted mate poaching

A

false; 60% men, 53% women - more than 1/2 succeeded

115
Q

true or false: more males than females attempt to mate poach for casual sex

A

true; 60% males, 38% females

116
Q

true or false: women are mate-poached more for ST sex while more men are mate-poached for LT (attempted)

A

true

117
Q

in the cross-cultural study, how many of the mate-poaching attempts were successful?

A

1/3

118
Q

what are some reasons to mate poach? (7)

A

find emotional intimacy, experience passionate sex, secure protection, gain resources, enhance social status, fall in love, have kids

119
Q

what are some additional benefits to mate-poaching? (2)

A

revenge against a rival, access to a pre-approved mate

120
Q

what are some costs of mate poaching? (3)

A

violence, decrease in social reputation, new mate still potentially poachable

121
Q

what is temporal invasion?

A

forcing interactions with a MP target to be more than their current partner via changing schedule or other means

122
Q

what is involved in driving a wedge in MP?

A

infiltrating the relationship of a target and promoting a breakup by enhancing the target’s self-esteem more than their partner, tell them they aren’t appreciated, “you deserve better”

123
Q

what are 3 human mate poaching prevention techniques?

A

vigilance (women or rivals and men of the partner), fulfilling partners desire long term, sexual jealousy

124
Q

what adaptation do males have to solve paternity uncertainty and cuckholdry?

A

sexual jealousy

125
Q

why do male chimps not invest in children?

A

because they have not solved the problem of paternity uncertainty

126
Q

what are the primary actions of sexual jealousy?

A

vigilance and violence

127
Q

true or false: men and women are equal in their experience AND intensity of sexual jealousy

A

true

128
Q

men and women differ in their focus of jealousy and specific events that trigger jealousy, what are the differences?

A

women are more jealous in infidelity involving the allocation of resources and time
men are more jealous in infidelity involving sex

129
Q

true or false: men are more psychologically distressed at emotional infidelity while women are more distressed at sexual infidelity

A

false; opposite

130
Q

what is the theory as to gender differences in jealousy?

A

women may be upset by emotional infidelity because it often leads to sexual infidelity - women may believe that men can have sex without emotional investment so sex infidelity is less upsetting - men may believe women can only have sex with emotional investment and that infidelity doesn’t require sex (DISPROVEN)

131
Q

what do the amygdala and hypothalamus regions of the brain cue to?

A

aggression and sexuality (men have more activity in infidelity)

132
Q

what does the posterior superior sulcus region of the brain cue to?

A

mind reading and inferring a partner’s future intentions (women more activity in infidelity

133
Q

true or false: women more than men are susceptible to the “infidelity over-perception bias”

A

false; men more

134
Q

what is the most important strategy in keeping a female mate

A

kindness and love, continue giving and saying “I love you”, show affection, and continuous resource investment

135
Q

what is the most important strategy in keeping a male mate?

A

kindness and love, maintaining or enhancing their appearance

136
Q

what are some desperate emotional measures for emotional manipulation? (4)

A

crying, guilting, telling partner of dependence, submission of self-abasement (going with what partner wants)

137
Q

true or false: women do self-abasement more than men to keep them around

A

false; men do this 25% more than women - why unknown

138
Q

what are some human tactics at repelling mate poachers? (4)

A

public/verbal signals, vigilance, concealing mate, monopolizing mate’s time

139
Q

what is claustration?

A

concealment of women to prevent their contact with potential sexual partners (Arab cover females face, Indian men seclude females at home)

140
Q

what are cost-inflicting tactics on competitors/mate-poachers AND on the partner to prevent defection? (2)

A

verbal denigration (damaging words, insulting intelligence/appearance) and verbal threats/violence

141
Q

what are 3 common reasons for men to use violence on his partner?

A

possible infidelity, mate value discrepancy (lower abuses more), paternity uncertainty

142
Q

what is a clitoridectomy?

A

surgical removal of the clitoral gland and shaft, hood and some parts of the inner labia

143
Q

what is infibulation?

A

sewing the labia majora shut to prevent sexual intercourse or increase husbands sexual pleasure (Sudan common)

144
Q

what is “alienation of affection”?

A

the monetary payment to a husband by a mate poacher for enticing the wife away (legal- women viewed as property)

145
Q

what is the single most frequent cause of ALL types of violence directed at wives (physical abuse/murder)

A

male jealousy

146
Q

true or false: there is an evolutionary purpose to men killing their wives

A

false; there is no sense because they’ll lose the woman’s resources (could be a possible slip of adaptation to beat wife as punishment or because she’d leave he’d lose her resources anyway)

147
Q

men who are cheated on risk social status and reputation especially without action, what can be done to redeem him?

A

killing his wife as revenge

148
Q

what are the 4 things needed to maintain a union?

A
  1. mate supplied with adaptively relevant resources and prevent defection
  2. competitors are kept at bay
  3. mate guarders use emotional manipulation
  4. cost inflicting measures used
149
Q

what is the origin of the word “rival”?

A

Latin derived meaning using/trying to use the same river as another

150
Q

who claimed, in the 1930’s, that jealousy comes from low self-esteem, immaturity, and wounded pride

A

Margaret Mead

151
Q

true or false: evolutionary psychologists claim that sexual jealousy is a highly functional adaptation triggered when there is a threat to a valued relationship

A

true

152
Q

what are the 3 functions of jealousy?

A

alert to a threat, devote attention to source of the threat, motivate action to ward off a threat

153
Q

true or false: insecurity has no effect on jealousy

A

false; more insecurity = more partner dependence and therefore more intense feelings of threat

154
Q

true or false: jealousy and the response to it have similarities have some differences across cultures

A

true; American’s don’t mind hugging, Hungarians hate it

155
Q

sexual infidelity is most likely viewed as threatening under what conditions? (4)

A
  1. if marriage is required for companionship, status, or survival
  2. if sex is hard to attain outside of marriage
  3. if property is privately owned
  4. if having children is highly valued
156
Q

what are the reasons why Ammassalik Eskimos experience extreme jealousy?

A

they are totally dependant on each other for survival

157
Q

what are the reasons that the Toda tribe in India experience less jealousy?

A

they have a clan economy, no private property, shared tasks, sex is abundant, marriage is a luxury not a necessity

158
Q

what is “fraternal polyandry”?

A

a woman marries a man and all his brothers (Toda tribe India)

159
Q

Paul Ekman coined the term “Othello’s error” what is it?

A

Othello kills his wife when she cries over her presumed lover Cassio’s death because Othello assumed she was sad over her lover’s death rather than scared that she couldn’t prove her innocence

160
Q

what is Sunnah?

A

least invasive genital mutilation, removal/incised clitoral hood

161
Q

what are the long term effects /problems of genital mutilation?

A

problems with urination and mensuration, intercourse, childbirth, fertility, nerve damage and loss of orgasm

162
Q

true or false: men evoke jealousy more than women

A

false; women more

163
Q

what are the 4 common ways to evoke jealousy?

A

mention how attractive other people find THEM, flirting with others, dancing sensually with others in front of partner, talk about past relationships

164
Q

what are the 3 main reasons to evoke jealousy?

A

increase a partner’s perception of one’s desirability, the reaction to jealousy displays the partner’s level of commitment, increase partner’s commitment (jealous men become more smitten)

165
Q

true or false: when the woman is more committed in the relationship she is more likely to evoke jealousy

A

true

166
Q

why does having sex with someone else to evoke jealousy not work usually?

A

because humans desire fidelity in a LT mate

167
Q

true or false: in animals, insects, and humans males and females mate guard

A

false; only human males AND females mate guard

168
Q

what are some pros to women cheating?

A

they can determine their own mate value, have a safety net to support a big change like a breakup, possible new love

169
Q

any organism that perceives can be what?

A

deceived

170
Q

when is there human sexual conflict?

A

whenever the evolutionary interests of males and females differ

171
Q

what is “sexual conflict theory?”

A

predicts that repeated sex conflicts over generations leads to each sex evolving adaptations designed to pull or manipulate others closer to the optimum as well as counter defenses

172
Q

what is “honest “courtship?

A

most common sexual strategy, showing interest, diverse tactics to attract a mate, good sense of humor, sympathy, good manners, minor concealing weaknesses and tweaking of the truth at the beginning

173
Q

why do women seek emotional investment?

A

love is the best chance a man will devote his commitment, provisions, and protection to one woman and the kids

174
Q

what are some common emotional deceptions men do for persuading women to have sex?

A

lie about serious relations to other women, like about level of attraction to her, exaggerate work ambitions, exaggerate kindness and understanding, misleading how strong his feelings for her are, etc.

175
Q

how can sex make a woman more vulnerable to deception by a man?

A

the release of Oxytocin leads to emotional connection for a woman and therefore leads her to be more vulnerable

176
Q

women are better than men at reading what?

A

nonverbal signals like facial expressions and body movement

177
Q

what is a woman’s defense to a man’s deception?

A

they become extremely angry and upset when deceived, then remember the experience well and are more careful in the future

178
Q

what is the “commitment skepticism bias” and who coined it?

A

women under-infer men’s true level of commitment and are not impressed with easy-to-fake signals (verbal claims of feelings) and forcing him to show additional commitment because misreading is more costly for the woman - Martie Haselton

179
Q

true or false: rape/assault occurs in all cultures, at all levels of income and all ages

A

true

180
Q

true or false: women who are sexually abused in childhood are 2x more likely to experience rape in adulthood

A

true

181
Q

why are women who experience sexual abuse in childhood more likely to experience it in adulthood?

A

they are more vulnerable due to low self-esteem and high levels of sexual concerns

182
Q

what is battering rape?

A

husbands beat and rape wife (40% of marital rapes)

183
Q

what is force only rape?

A

husbands use only a minimum amount of force necessary to make wives have sex (40%)

184
Q

what is obsessive rape?

A

husbands obsessed with rape, willing to do anything to get it, any force, usually sadistic acts, humiliate, etc.

185
Q

in what year did all 50 U.S. states change the laws to make marital rape a crime?

A

1993

186
Q

what is vaginismus?

A

sex pain disorder muscles surrounding the vagina tighten to make intercourse impossible

187
Q

what is “stress inoculation training”?

A

psychotherapy, role playing, deep muscle relaxion, controlled breathing, coping skills

188
Q

what is “prolonged exposure”?

A

woman’s relives rape/SA experience vividly, describe out loud to therapist, repeated several times and listens back

189
Q

rape is historically high in what cultures?

A

patrilocal - couple resides near husbands family

190
Q

what are “erotic rape fantasies”

A

large masc man “takes” a woman sexually, no violence

191
Q

what are “aversive rape fantasies”?

A

man is an older, ugly, stranger, a lot of violence and coercion

192
Q

what are the 3 rape defenses Ysex proposes?

A
  1. maintaining physical proximity to close kin
  2. rape fantasies (force, sex, nonconsent)
  3. specialized fear of rape by strangers
193
Q

18th century doctors believed that virginity for too long could lead to what?

A

ill health

194
Q

when was the birth control pill introduced and what effect did it have?

A

1961; fueled the sexual revolution of 60’s and 70’s

195
Q

what was the average age for a woman to lose her virginity in the 50’s vs the 00’s

A

20 vs 16

196
Q

what is the average size of male genitalia?

A

5-6 inches erect, 3-4 inches flaccid

197
Q

how far does it take to stimulate the cervix?

A

5-6 inches

198
Q

is width or length better for clitoral stimulation?

A

width

199
Q

according to Kinsey at what age does the rate of orgasm for women peak?

A

30’s

200
Q

what is the “Coolidge effect”?

A

men are more aroused by erotic images of different people rather than the same because of habituation

201
Q

what are the traits associated with women desiring more sexual variety?

A

extraversion, impulsiveness, narcissism and perfectionism

202
Q

sexual conflict began with sexual reproduction when?

A

1.2 - 2 billion years ago

203
Q

what is intersexual conflict?

A

individuals conflict with individuals NOT men as a group and women as a group

204
Q

true or false: women under-perceive men’s attraction

A

true; possibly ignore unwanted

205
Q

why is the idea that a “reasonable person” viewing an act as harassment a problem in policies?

A

sexes view differently and there is no neutral party

206
Q

what is sexually antagonistic co-evolution?

A

reciprocal evolutionary changes between the seces produced by sexual conflict

207
Q

true or false: women are not more easily upset by deception, the emotional upset is sex specific

A

true

208
Q

true or false: men and women who have affairs are both likely to have multiple affair partners

A

false; men are more likely

209
Q

what are the personality predictors of infidelity (4)

A

narcissism, low conscientiousness, impulsivity, high socio-sexuality (looking for ST)

210
Q

which attachment styles are more likely to cheat?

A

anxious and avoidant (highest)

211
Q

true or false: women who are dissatisfied sexually or emotionally are more likely to have an affair

A

true

212
Q

true or false: men who are dissatisfied sexually or emotionally are more likely to have an affair

A

false; happy vs. not happy makes no difference

213
Q

when there are mate value discrepancies which partner is more likely to cheat

A

higher valued one (more entitled and have more chances)

214
Q

what are the main reasons men cheat?

A

desire for sexual variety and novelty, opportunity with low cost and low risk of discovery

215
Q

what are main reasons why women have affairs?

A

mate switching, resources, for fun

216
Q

what is the double standard in sexual infidelity?

A

self vs. partner cheating actions - men just as much as women

217
Q

what is the “jealousy paradox”?

A

some jealousy at the beginning of a relationship can lead to a longer relationship, keeps relationships together, tends of MP and infidelity, jealousy can increase love

218
Q

why do men more than women have an infidelity over-suspicion bias?

A

being wrong is more costly to them (paternity uncertainty)

219
Q

true or false: those who were more jealous in the relationship ended up being more vulnerable to infidelity eventually

A

true

220
Q

what are the functions of partner violence?

A

deter partner from cheating or leaving and undermine the partner’s self-esteem and perceived mate value

221
Q

what are 3 predictors of jealous violence?

A

mate value discrepancy, erectile dysfunction, anxious attachment style

222
Q

what is sexual assault?

A

any violent or nonconsensual act involving physical contact of a sexual nature

223
Q

what is rape?

A

penetration of the vagina, anus, mouth by penis or any other parts or object by force or threat of force

224
Q

what is statutory rape?

A

penetrative sex when a partner is legally unable to give consent

225
Q

the consequents of sexual assault depend on what? (4)

A

time of abuse, perpetrator, severity of abuse, length of abuse

226
Q

what is the traumagenic dynamics model?

A

traumatic sexualization, betrayal, stigmatization, powerlessness

227
Q

what is the result of the sexual schemas in CSA survivors?

A

less likely to associate sexual stimuli with positivity, view selves more negatively

228
Q

true or false: there is compelling evidence for specific rape adaptations in humans

A

false

229
Q

what are some modern conditions that may foster rape?

A

lack of kin in proximity, anonymity, mobility of modern living, modern drugs and alcohol

230
Q

what is tonic immobility?

A

not fighting back, involuntary paralysis to protect the body

231
Q

what are the criteria to be diagnosed with a Paraphilic Disorder?

A

feeling personal distress about the interest, if it involves another person’s psychological distress, injury, or death, or involving an unwilling person or persons who can’t give consent

232
Q

what are the courtship disorders? (3)

A

voyeuristic disorder, exhibitionistic disorder, frotteuristic disorder

233
Q

what are the anomalous target preference disorders

A

pedophilic disorder, fetishistic disorder, transvestic disorder

Human Sexuality (5 decks)

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