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Human Sexuality > Sexual Attraction (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Sexual Attraction (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

nearly – of couples end up in divorce

A

1/2

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2
Q

–% to –% of people have affairs

A

30 to 50

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3
Q

what are the 4 components to love?

A

commitment, idealized perception of loved ones, deep empathy. overwhelming passion

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4
Q

who came up with the sexual selection theory?

A

Charles Darwin

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5
Q

what is the sexual selection theory?

A

the evolution of characteristics because of mating benefits rather than survival

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6
Q

sexual selection comes in two forms which are?

A

same-sex competition and chosen by desire

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7
Q

applying the sexual selection theory to humans led to – –

A

evolutionary psychology

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8
Q

evolutionary psychology developed in the late – to – (1900s))

A

70s to 80s

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9
Q

humans choose mates via a –

A

strategy

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10
Q

what are adaptations?

A

evolved solutions to problems of survival and reproduction

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11
Q

true of false: sexual strategy requires conscious intent

A

false

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12
Q

sexual strategy comes with – strategy

A

psychological (love, desire etc.)

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13
Q

in elephant seals, female preference determines?

A

rules for male contest

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14
Q

human males and females must – to attract mates

A

compete

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15
Q

true or false: tactics used to compete (by male or females) are dictated by the preferences of those they want to attract

A

true

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16
Q

this animal copulates for three days in order to prevent mate poaching

A

lovebugs

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17
Q

past males risked – by allowing infidelity

A

paternity

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18
Q

past females risked – and – by allowing infidelity

A

resources and stability

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19
Q

in order to combat the risks of infidelity what did males and females evolve?

A

jealousy

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20
Q

sexual jealousy leads to – and –

A

vigilance and violence

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21
Q

what is vigilance in terms of sexual jealousy

A

keeping an eye on you partner, reading their messages, etc.w

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22
Q

what is violence in terms of sexual jealousy

A

threatening or attacking a partner

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23
Q

true or false: ancestors took part in cutting losses and replacing their mates

A

true

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24
Q

ring doves are monogamous but will break up in the case of –

A

infertility

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25
Q

true or false: divorce is not seen in all human cultures

A

false

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26
Q

when reentering the dating market with kids, – market value suffers the most

A

females

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27
Q

what adaptation have scorpion flies evolved in order to compete mating?

A

they learned how to choose a gift of food that takes the female 20 minutes to eat, which is the length of time needed for copulation

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28
Q

what is strategic interference?

A

when the sexual strategy of one sex conflicts with the strategy adopted by another

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29
Q

true or false: men being less selective and women being more selective for hookups is an example of strategic interference

A

true

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30
Q

according to Michael Bailey, “sexual orientation is a – – –.”

A

paradigmatic psychological adaptation

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31
Q

–% to –% men lean heterosexual

A

96 to 97

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32
Q

–% to –% women lean heterosexual

A

98 to 99

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33
Q

homosexuality is an evolutionary –

A

mystery

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34
Q

true or false: there is evidence that homosexuality is partially genetic

A

true

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35
Q

what is primary sexual orientation?

A

who one is sexually attracted to: male, female, neither or both

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36
Q

what is gender identity?

A

one subjectively feels like a male, female, both or neither

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37
Q

what is sexual behavior?

A

the gender of individuals one actually has sex with

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38
Q

male sexual orientation appears in – –

A

early development

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39
Q

true or false: male sexual orientation rarely changes

A

true

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40
Q

male sexual orientation is –

A

bimodal (hetero or homo, few bisexual)

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41
Q

female sexual orientation is –

A

flexible over lifespan

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42
Q

true or false: female sexual orientation spectrum is more expansive than males

A

true

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43
Q

what is “lesbian until graduation”?

A

female lives college life as a lesbian then marries and man and has a family, or the other way around

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44
Q

why do we humans have a tendency to enjoy fast food (fats, sugar, protein)?

A

our ancestors needed those foods and they were not in abundance but now are and overeating is unhealthy

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45
Q

what about human mating strategies are unique to humans?

A

the strategies are vast and sensitive to context

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46
Q

what is the perceptual barrier for humans understanding human sexuality?

A

humans think in the short term but evolution is long term

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47
Q

what is the ideological barrier to humans understanding human sexuality?

A

it is used to justify oppression, a political agenda, and sexual superiority

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48
Q

what is the naturalistic fallacy?

A

whatever exists should exist (this is false)

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49
Q

true or false: the naturalistic fallacy confuses scientific description of human behavior with moral prescription of it

A

true

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50
Q

what is the romantic fallacy?

A

idealizes humanity believing that “natural” humans are one with nature and peacefully coexist - culture, capitalism, and war are seen as corruptive

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51
Q

true or false: evolution is an unchangeable blueprint

A

false

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52
Q

human behavior is a combination of – AND – factors

A

biological AND environmental (not mutually exclusive)

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53
Q

true or false: evolutionary psychology prescribes what and how humans should be

A

false

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54
Q

males and females differ in – not –

A

strategy, ability

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55
Q

what is the overromanticized view of mating?

A

humans want to ignore the dark side, manipulation, assault, etc. of mating

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56
Q

what is females number one reason for sex?

A

basic biochemistry of attraction

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57
Q

what are genetic benefits?

A

high-quality genes that increase offspring’s ability to survive

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58
Q

what are resource benefits?

A

shelter, physical protection, food, etc.

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59
Q

true or false: female’s reasons for sex are not influenced by their lives, work, or socialization

A

false

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60
Q

– begins attraction and repeated interactions increase changes of liking

A

proximity

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61
Q

true or false: once attractive traits in a partner can become annoying

A

true

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62
Q

what is one of the strongest ingredients of sexual appeal for females in males?

A

smell

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63
Q

why is scent tied to memory?

A

olfactory nerves extend in networks through the brain while other senses nerves are less ranged

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64
Q

true or false: female sexual attraction is not enhanced by smell

A

false

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65
Q

why does smell not matter so much in male’s sexual arousal?

A

their sense of smell may be worse than females or it gets diluted because of male’s emphasis on females looks

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66
Q

females olfactory acuity peaks during –

A

ovulation

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67
Q

what is the reason for female’s evolutionary acute sense of smell?

A

smelling MHCs that are compatible with their own

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68
Q

what chromosome are MHCs on?

A

chromosome 6

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69
Q

What are MHCs?

A

the major histocompatibility complex where genes are located that are responsible for immune functioning

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70
Q

in terms of reproduction it is best to have MHC genes that are –

A

dissimilar

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71
Q

what is the theory as to why females can smell MHCs?

A

they are attracted to the smell of those that are compatible with their genes to prevent inbreeding and create a strong immune system

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72
Q

this physical manifestation in human bodies is a sign of good health

A

bilateral symmetry

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73
Q

exposure to male – can increase females fertility

A

pheromones

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74
Q

what are pheromones?

A

substances secreted from glands at the anus, underarms, urinary, breasts, mouth

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75
Q

sexual exposure to male pheromones can have what effects according to a study?

A

regulated menstruation, increased fertile basal body temperature, increased estrogen in the luteal phase, increases sexual attraction to males

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76
Q

why do females prefer taller males?

A

tend to have higher socioeconomic status and salary, are generally healthier, less likely to be targeted by other men

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77
Q

what body shape is most desired by females in males

A

strong, muscular, and athletic; the V shape of broad shoulders and tapered hips

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78
Q

what body type in males is seen as the most physically and socially dominant by males and females

A

high shoulder-to-hip ratio; V-shape

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79
Q

males – the level of muscularity females want

A

overestimate

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80
Q

production of – during adolescence heavily influences masculine facial features

A

testosterone

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81
Q

when do males and females enter mate competition?

A

puberty

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82
Q

why are masculine facial features and muscle mass attractive to females?

A

they require testosterone which compromises the body’s immune function: only a male with above-average health can afford to produce enough T for those features

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83
Q

true or false: females prefer more masculine males for both short and long-term mating

A

false (cultural exceptions)

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84
Q

why do females prefer less masculine males for long-term mating?

A

they are perceived to be “good dads” who will stick around and provide rather than be a risk to mate poachers

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85
Q

what is a dual mating strategy?

A

choosing some good traits over others between mates to get the best possible outcome of reproduction

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86
Q

if there are 2 mate choices: more masculine mate - healthier, disloyal and a bad father and less masculine mate - not as healthy, loyal, good father, the female is likely to choose the less masculine. Why?

A

this is a dual mating strategy; she is likely to get more out of a long-term reproduction/mating arrangement with the less masculine mate

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87
Q

in areas of high disease like Jamaica what do females prioritize more and who may have what they look for?

A

they prioritize health more and therefore are more willing to risk mating with a more masculine male

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88
Q

– faces are preferred in terms of attractiveness

A

composite

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89
Q

why is there a tendency for favoritism and attraction with attractive people?

A

we assume they have other good traits (symmetry = health for example)

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90
Q

during puberty how do males voices change?

A

testosterone triggers the lengthening of vocal chords and the more testosterone the deeper the voice

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91
Q

how much longer are male vocal chords than female ones?

A

60%

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92
Q

true or false: deep male voices are preferred by females for both short and long-term

A

true (dramatically favored for short term)

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93
Q

why are female bullfrogs attracted to deep male croaks

A

it is an indicator of large size and good health

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94
Q

true or false: males with a deep voice are more likely to have a V-shaped body

A

true

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95
Q

why is a persons ability to walk or dance in a coordinated manner attractive?

A

it reveals phenotype information such as their age, health, energy levels, etc.

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96
Q

true or false: non-reciprocal same-sex touching is seen as submissive

A

false

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97
Q

what are the 2 key traits that motivate females to be sexually attracted?

A

sense of humor and self-confidence

98
Q

what is GSOH?

A

good sense of humor

99
Q

why is a good sense of humor attractive to humans?`

A

it puts us in a positive mood

100
Q

why is self-confidence attractive to females?

A

it is a signal of resources like money or status; you have something to be proud of

101
Q

why is fame so attractive?

A

it usually means access to resources and social statues which is attractive

102
Q

what is mate copying?

A

females prefer males that other females like as in they are pre-approved

103
Q

true or false: males found females more attractive when surrounded by other males

A

false

104
Q

true or false: females found males more attractive when surrounded by other females

A

true

105
Q

what is behind the idea of sexy son genes?

A

mating with attractive and popular males will increase the chances that the offspring, if male, will be attractive to other females to keep the cycle going

106
Q

what is the matching hypothesis?

A

long-term sexual partners generally are similar rather than different

107
Q

why do people prefer to be with those equal to them in attractiveness?

A

mate value is generally the same which prevents mate poachers

108
Q

what is a love map?

A

humans specific traits they favor or dislike such as blonde hair that are from their good or bad experiences in the past with those traits

109
Q

who came up with the idea of a love map?

A

John Money

110
Q

true or false: female rats have little control over the aspects of sex and mating

A

false (almost 100% control)

111
Q

biological sex is determined by what?

A

the size of sex cells

112
Q

which sex cells are smaller, mobile, fast and can be replenished?

A

male

113
Q

which sex cells are larger, stationary, contain nutrients, and are of a fixed supply?

A

female

114
Q

how often do male sperm cells replenish and by how much?

A

12 million per hour

115
Q

how many ova do females generally have and how many make it to maturity?

A

1-2 million ova, 400 mature

116
Q

how are the mormon cricket and seahorses unique?

A

in terms of mating their roles are reversed and the females compete for the spermatophore

117
Q

evolution favored females who were – – when mating

A

highly selective

118
Q

when was Charles Darwin’s first book and what was it on?

A

natural selection in 1859

119
Q

what are the three hostile forces of nature?

A

environmental hazards, other species, conspecifics

120
Q

what are conspecifics?

A

one’s own species

121
Q

why do humans have fears of the dark, heights, etc.

A

they are evolutionary adaptations from our ancestors

122
Q

historically why did males fight wars or smaller battles?

A

the risk was less in terms of reproduction and the reward was higher (access to more fertile females)

123
Q

change over time is –

A

evolution

124
Q

what are the three aspects of evolution via natural selection?

A

variation, inheritance, and differential reproduction

125
Q

what is differential reproduction?

A

those containing favorable inherited traits will live to reproductive age

126
Q

true or false: humans adapt to adjust their behavior to a time horizon

A

true

127
Q

what are the 2 problems with natural selection that Darwin admitted?

A

sexual dimorphism and adaptations contrary to survival

128
Q

if both sexes face the same survival situations (avoiding danger, eating, etc.) why do they have different adaptations?

A

they adapt due to situations the others do NOT face such as childbirth or paternity uncertainty

129
Q

why do species sexes differ in magnetism of differences?

A

differences in sexual selection determine for example seals fight for harems and therefore need great size in order to compete

130
Q

often times males are significantly larger than females in order to compete with other males but why do females stay small?

A

there is not always analogous preferences; females may prefer larger males but males don’t have a preference

131
Q

what explains sexual dimorphism and adaptations contrary to survival?

A

sexual selection

132
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

evolution via traits for mating success rather than survival

133
Q

what are the three products of natural and sexual selection?

A

primary adaptations, byproducts of adaptations, and other noise (mutations, randoms, etc.)

134
Q

what is an example of a byproduct of an adaptation?

A

belly buttons

135
Q

what is the key cause of sex differences?

A

sexual selection

136
Q

why must females be more selective in choosing a mate?

A

she has only a few chances to reproduce due to reproductive biology and it is a large investment for her (9 month minimum)

137
Q

what is the parental investment theory?

A

the sex that invests more in the offspring is more selective when choosing a mate and the other sex will have intra-sexual competition for access

138
Q

what are the causes of fluctuating asymmetry?

A

genetic deviations and environmental stressors

139
Q

what does body symmetry reveal about males reproductive biology?

A

sperm number/ejaculate and sperm speed

140
Q

what symmetry in females reveals their ability to reproduce?

A

breasts

141
Q

what is the organ that detects pheremones?

A

vomeronasal organ

142
Q

true or false: individuals who share genes and features will favor each other platonically

A

true

143
Q

what is WHR

A

waist-hip ratio

144
Q

what is the ideal WHR for men that shows good health?

A

.9 (low = good)

145
Q

what personality traits are ranked as most important by both males and females?

A

kindness and intelligence

146
Q

women tend to rank what trait as more important than men?

A

good financial prospects

147
Q

men rank what trait as more important than women?

A

good looks

148
Q

as men’s age increases, they have increasingly – partners

A

younger

149
Q

as women’s age increases, they have consistently – partners

A

same-aged or within 5 years

150
Q

what is the allure of “bad boys”, “bad girls”, or “bad people”?

A

they signal confidence, bravery, physicality, and risk taking (affordable to them) - their “danger” can lead to arousal

151
Q

true or false: lesbians prioritize females attractiveness high like heterosexual men

A

false

152
Q

true or false: lesbian women prefer feminine bodies

A

true

153
Q

what is excitation transfer?

A

residual excitement from a previous arousing stimulus or situation may serve to intensify a later emotional state

154
Q

stimulation of what system intensifies sexual arousal?

A

sympathetic branch (heart beating, anxiety, etc.)

155
Q

familiarity breeds what?

A

likeness

156
Q

true or false: repeat exposure is unlikely to effect attractiveness to someone or something

A

false

157
Q

what are the 5 personality traits people tend to share to have a successful relationship with little conflict?

A

OCEAN - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

158
Q

what is the most effective tool in shifting mood?

A

music

159
Q

the value of potential mates depends on individualized, personalized and contextualized perspective of –

A

the female doing the choosing

160
Q

true or false: a female who is an only child will value a male who is willing to assist with childcare more than a female from a large family

A

true

161
Q

true or false: all attributes carry the same weight to mates

A

false

162
Q

how do male gray shrike birds attract females?

A

they collect caches of 90-120 valuable items and impale them on thorns; the male with the largest cache wins the females

163
Q

what are the three pre-conditions required to evolve a female preference for mates with resources?

A
  1. resources must’ve been accruable, defensible, and controllable by men (during evolution)
  2. men have to differ from one another in holding or acquisition skills and willingness to invest in females
  3. the advantage of committing to one man must be greater than the advantage of several men
164
Q

what does not count in mating decisions?

A

constants

165
Q

what are “cads”?

A

males who mate with many females and invest very little in each

166
Q

why is there a greater advantage for human females to be with one male rather than many?

A

human males invest unprecedented amounts of food, time, teaching, etc. into offspring which many don’t for a casual partner

167
Q

what is the most direct cue for a female to tell a male has resources?

A

economic resources (money)

168
Q

why do women want the MOST eligible bachelor?

A

because it cues to higher social status and therefor resources

169
Q

what age are males at their peak physical strength?

A

late 20s to early 30s

170
Q

what age are males at their peak of hunting prowess?

A

30s

171
Q

in what cases can the female’s desire for an older mate be overridenn?

A

when the male’s resources or other cues are guaranteed (wealthy or high status family for example)

172
Q

what are two possible reasons why older women sometimes date younger men?

A

both older women and young men lack bargaining power in the dating market OR the older woman already has resources and can afford a useless male (rare)

173
Q

true or false: females who have their own wealth and status generally don’t mind being with males who don’t have any

A

false; apart from some exceptions, women who have their own wealth and status want a mate equal to or greater than them in those areas

174
Q

true or false: females mate based on the apparent ability to accrue resources which are informed by personality traits

A

true

175
Q

what is industriousness?

A

putting in extra effort, prioritizing goals, and working hard to impress others

176
Q

what are ambition and industriousness cues to in a male?

A

they indicate a male’s ability to accrue resources and receive promotions

177
Q

from the 37 culture study what were the results of males and females when asked about the value of dependability and stability?

A

males and females equally valued both or females valued it slightly more

178
Q

what are stability and dependability cues to in a mate?

A

ability to accrue resources

179
Q

from the 37 cultures study what were the results of males and females when asked about the value of intelligence?

A

males and females valued it equally or females valued it more

180
Q

what does intelligence cue to in a mate?

A

ability to accrue resources, good parenting, oral fluency, forcasting danger, etc.

181
Q

what are some factors to compatibility?

A

similarities in race, orientation, politics, OCEAN, etc.

182
Q

for gladiator frogs, the males build the nests and defend the eggs so how do females evaluate mates?

A

they do the “bump test” where the males stand in front of the nests and are bumped by the females; those who stay and defend the nest and don’t run away pass the test

183
Q

what are the “special friendships” baboons form?

A

female baboons allow males sexual access during estrus in exchange for his protection of her and her infants

184
Q

what does the bright plumage of peacocks show?

A

health; those with bright colors have few parasites

185
Q

not all males who are healthy and have resources are willing to commit and share with a female so how do females account for this possibility?

A

they look for acts of love such as fidelity, emotional support, and discussing future kids

186
Q

what does kindness signal to a mate?

A

willingness to invest resources and energy selflessly

187
Q

why did females evolve to require things like love, kindness, and sincerity before committing or hooking up?

A

sex is one of the most valuable reproductive resources they have

188
Q

what is a possible product of incest?

A

inbreeding depression

189
Q

how do females avoid incest?

A

they are physically repulsed by the idea of kissing or sexual activity with their kin

190
Q

why are females more repulsed by incest than males?

A

the cost of poor sex decisions is higher for females than males

191
Q

for the Bakweri people of Cameroon, females have the most power and resources because there are few of them vs males; so what do they look for in males?

A

they still prefer males with power and resources equal to or higher than their own

192
Q

true or false: males with resources want females that have the same or more resources than them

A

false (they are indifferent even if they have few resources)

193
Q

true or false: men strive to control resources and exclude other men from resources to fulfill the female mating preference

A

true

194
Q

what do both heterosexual and homosexual females value in a mate?

A

health, kindness, industriousness, and sense of humor

195
Q

what do homosexual females value less than heterosexual females?

A

fondness for children, parenting ability, and religion

196
Q

what do homosexual females value more than heterosexual females?

A

honesty and intelligence

197
Q

adaptations are (4)?

A

inherited, reliably developed (not present birth), produced by natural or sexual selection, and solves a specific adaptive problem

198
Q

what is the formula of adaptations?

A

input (repeated skin friction) –> decision rules (grow new skin cells?) –> output (calluses reduce skin damage)

199
Q

true or false: most adaptations are NOT always activated

A

true; they are often situational

200
Q

is there an answer to “environmental or biological”?

A

no, this is a false dichotomy because both are at play at all times

201
Q

what is the theory about female beauty?

A

it cues fertility

202
Q

what is reproductive value vs. fertility?

A

value is the future reproductive potential but fertility is now

203
Q

true or false: the theory is that males looking for LT relationships want reproductive value (potential) and those in ST want fertility (now)

A

true

204
Q

what are some possible cues to female fertility that are also standards of attractiveness?

A

full lips, shiny hair, clear skin, clear/large eyes, muscle tone, symmetry, low (.7) WHR

205
Q

what causes facial feminization in females?

A

estrogen

206
Q

what is the correlation of facial femininity and female attractiveness according to males?

A

+.65 (strong)

207
Q

what is the correlation between men’s facial masculinity and male attractiveness according to females?

A

+.35 (weak)

208
Q

true or false: both males and females seek physical attractiveness (health) but men especially do

A

true

209
Q

true or false: males only find a small portion of females attractive

A

false

210
Q

true or false: females only find a small portion of males attractive

A

true

211
Q

what is the ideal waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) according to males?

A

.70; no relation to body size or weight

212
Q

lumbar curvature is useful in sustaining pregnancy, what is the ideal angle according to males?

A

45 degree angle

213
Q

what is attractive to males about females with large eyes?

A

they reflect the large eyes of infancy and indicate youth

214
Q

true or false: gay men prioritize physical attractiveness in a mate like heterosexual men

A

true

215
Q

during ovulation, what peaks in a woman’s body? (2)

A

estrogen and testosterone

216
Q

what is a theory as to why humans have concealed ovulation?

A

it may be a strategy to keep males around until ovulation and possibly lead to pair bonding

217
Q

what were the results of the t-shirt test done on males?

A

they rated the female’s sexual attractiveness at the highest mid-cycle (during ovulation)

218
Q

what are copulins?

A

scent from fatty acid vaginal secretions which fluctuate across the menstrual cycle

219
Q

what affect did artificial copulins have on males?

A

it increases testosterone which leads to loss of ability to think clearly and may increase the attractiveness of females

220
Q

true or false: males find females voices more attractive around ovulation because the pitch becomes higher

A

true

221
Q

true or false: during ovulation female’s breasts become more symmetrical and their WHR decreases slightly

A

true

222
Q

true or false: different levels of testosterone account for the higher pitch in the voices of gay men

A

false

223
Q

true or false: when there are fewer options, females become more attractive to males

A

true (don’t the girls get prettier at closing time)

224
Q

true or false: males prefer the face of females for ST and prefer the body of females for LT

A

false (opposite)

225
Q

true or false: females prefer the face of males for both ST and LT

A

true (it happens 70% of the time and is likely due to increased information that is possible)

226
Q

why do teenage boys find slightly older women attractive?

A

according to the evolutionary theory of female beauty they are most attractive to males at peak fertility (19-20s)

227
Q

what were the results of the attentional adhesion experiment?

A

men had more difficulty shifting their attention away from attractive women when told to do so

228
Q

true or false: males find females that are sexually exploitable attractive for ST relationships

A

true

229
Q

what are the dark triad traits?

A

narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy

230
Q

what trait is preferred in cultures with relative food scarcity?

A

high body weight

231
Q

true or false: men likely evolved to commit to one woman because it increased his number of possible offspring

A

false; men evolved likely due to a woman’s desire for a man to commit because otherwise he would suffer on the dating market

232
Q

besides attracting a desirable mate, what are two other reasons why men evolved to commit to one woman?

A

it increased the likelihood that all of their offspring would be fathered by the man, and improved the survival and success of the offspring to have parent involved as they grew up

233
Q

what is the asymmetry between the sexes on the dating market with committed vs. temporary relationships?

A

males can obtain a much more desirable mate if they are willing to commit (females desire) but females can obtain a much more desirable mate for casual sex (males desire) if she is willing to give up commitment

234
Q

what are two gains for a man to commit?

A

increased social status and resources as a married man, and a more expansive network including his partners kin

235
Q

true or false: women overestimate the thinness that men want in a woman

A

true; men want average while women believe they want below that

236
Q

what is the WHR that is healthy for reproductively sound females?

A

.67 to .80

237
Q

true or false: a higher WHR mimics pregnancy and is therefore unattractive to males

A

true

238
Q

true or false: males seek attractive mates as a signal to others of high status and abundant resources

A

true (it is not the same for females)

239
Q

true or false: lesbians and heterosexual women look for the same thing in a partner

A

false-ish- they differ in the lesbian place LESS emphasis on specific body traits

240
Q

what cues do men search for as a response to paternal uncertainty?

A

chastity and loyalty

241
Q

true or false: standards of beauty are arbitrary

A

false; they are signs of youth, health, and reproductive value

Human Sexuality (5 decks)

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