Everything Else (Exam 5) Flashcards
what were the results of Donald Symons study on cross-cultural gift-giving?
most cultures fell in the category where only men give gifts, there were no cultures where women’s gifts were more valuable than men’s or where only women gave gifts
how are sex and gift-giving treated by Trobriand Islanders?
women and men have great sexual freedom, women are just as interested in sex as men, and women have equality with men, however, it is custom that sex is a service from women to men and men have to pay in the form of gifts (men shamed if they can’t please women)
what was the conclusion of the University of Michigan students when asked if they gave sex for something of value or something of value for sex?
sex is transactional even if people aren’t desperate for resources or money
what is “Sexual Economics Theory” by Baumeister and Vohs?
sex is a female resource (gatekeepers/sellers of sex) while sex is a male good to acquire (consumers/buyers of sex) females goals are to obtain as many resources as possible while males try to obtain sex with as few resources as possible
what are the average prices for egg donation vs. sperm donation?
egg: $5,000
sperm: $35 - $150
what causes men’s huge demand for sex?
they believe sex is in perpetually short supply because they desire variety
true or false: men and women are likely to have sex even with increasing likelihood of an STI
false; men were, women were much less likely
what are the sex differences in ST sex?
men: lower their standards dramatically
women: maintain relatively high standards
what is the definition of sex work?
sex behavior in exchange for money for example stripping, porn, etc.
99% of those who purchase sex are —
men
+90% of those who sell sex are —
women
what is the exploitative perspective of prostitiution?
prostitution should be illegal and criminalized because it is degrading and inherently exploitative
what’s the labor perspective of prostitution?
women should have the right to use their bodies in any way they wish like football players and models
what is sex trafficking?
forced sex work/prostitution
what is street prostitution?
solicitation of sex in public spaces (streets, alleys, etc.) - most vulnerable
what is brothel-based prostitution?
selling of sexual services in established venues
what are escort services?
individual companionship and sexual services to clients often arranged through agencies or online platforms “The girlfriend experience”
what is online sex work?
solicitation of sex or sexual content through online platforms - most protected
why is porn not illegal?
it doesn’t fall under “sex work” because the actors aren’t exchanging money in the video they are both paid actors and therefore it is considered “art”
what were the characteristics men described wanting in sex cam girls?
“healthy” appearance, attractive, happy, cheerful, enthusiastic
true or false: the men on Ashley Madison reported cheating/wanting to cheat because they were unhappy in their marriages
false; the chances they would cheat were no different if they were happy or unhappy
according to the Ashley Madison study what was the number one motivation for men to cheat?
low sexual satisfaction
what are the motivations and benefits for sugar babies, sugar benefactors, and both?
babies: financial gain
benefactors: “dating up”
both: companionship, transparency, mentorship
what are the disadvantages for sugar babies and sugar benefactors?
babies: concerns for physical safety
benefactors: reputation and being used for money
true or false: in sugar baby-benefactors relationships, the benefactor has the most power
false; there are no statistical differences in perceived power - babies are attractive and benefactors have resources
true or false: sugar arrangements always involve sex
false; almost always
mate competition has existed since what?
sexual reproduction
what is Dawkins’s puzzle and what is the solution?
why do women compete on appearance?
due to concealed ovulation, physical appearance is the male’s cue to fertility and therefore is the basis for female competition
what are the two general strategies of competition for humans?
self-enhancement and competition derogation
what are the most effective attraction tactics for men?
displaying altruistic welfare tradeoff ratio and signal LT mating strategy
does playing “hard to get” work?
in moderation yes - hard to get in general but not hard to get for you (signals high mate value and fidelity)
true or false: overtly sexual acts are highly effective for attracting both men and women
false; effective for attracting men not women
why does it work for women to derogate appearance of other women?
- draws men’s attention to small imperfections and emphasizes them
- men want their partner to be approved by others because it improves his status
true or false: resource derogation is most useful for men in competition and physical appearance derogation is most useful for women in competition
true
many more men die before reproducing than men and many societies were polyamorous which has led to what?
modern human DNA shows more women have passed down their DNA than men
what event caused an increase in polygamy?
humans engagement in agriculture
monogamy is common in societies where what?
the hierarchy of men is more or less similar
true or false: monogamy decreases the number of incels
true
what were three ways past societies dealt with incels?
warfare, exploration, monestary
what are the 4 dimensions needed to be identified as a “tendency for interpersonal victimhood”?
- need for recognition
- moral elitism
- lack of empathy
- rumination
true or false: incels are majority right leaning
false; broad range
what is “self verification theory”?
the tendency of humans to surround ourselves with others who see us the way we do even if its negative
true or false: incels have standards that are too high
false; they are lower than average but they fail to cross-sex mindread and therefore believe they are undesirable
incels think women what who?
Chad - hot and successful with no personality
what is the modern mating crisis?
modern women’s socio-economic success + evolved mate-preference for higher status mates = skewed ration of highly educated and selective women and a lack of economically attractive men
why is there not MORE incel violence?
they let it out online
there is so evidence of a decline in hypergamy which is what?
dating/marrying someone of superior status (women are mating down)
by 2030 what percent of women will be single and childless?
45%
what is the theory as to why love exists in humans?
may have evolved for LT monogamous commitment
true or false: women and men have always depended on each other for survival and reproduction
true
what are the 5 resources committed through love?
- sexual resources
- emotional resources
- protection resources
- economic resources
- reproductive resources
what are examples of sexual resources?
remaining faithful, sex with partner, resisted sex with others
what are examples of emotional resources?
called partner when feeling sad, stand up for partner, listen to partner’s problems
what are examples of protection resources?
walking home at night, insisted they don’t go alone, say you’d kill anyone who touches them
what are examples of economic resources?
special presents, symbolic rings, cooking meals
what are examples of reproductive resources?
taking about children, getting pregnant, giving birth
what are the 5 core properties common to love experiences?
- idealization of beloved
- desire for union or merger
- exclusivity
- intrusive thinking about the love subject
- intense emotional involvement
true or false: men identified more sexual acts as love acts than women did
true
true or false: women fall in love faster
false; men do
true or false: men are more likely to consider love in terms of sexual commitment and pleasure of intercourse while women are more likely to consider love in terms of emotional commitment and security
true
what is Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?
love comprises of three factors: intimacy, passion, commitment
true or false: love is a recent invention that is not universal
false; not recent and is universal
true or false: the exchange of sex and gifts occurs in all cultures
true
true or false: in societies with sex equality the percentages of gifting between men and women are more symmetrical
false: men still gift more
in most sexual transactions who has the power?
women because men find women’s sexuality highly valuable and therefore women can withhold or bestow it to get what she wants
there is no evidence that women are less interested in sex than men yet they hold more power in sexual economics - why might this be?
the fundamental asymmetries in human reproductive biology and sexual psychology evolved as a consequence - women evolved psychology of few partners because of heavy parental investment in reproduction while men have the opposite
what is “mutia”?
Iran’s loophole to illegal prostitution where a woman will become a “temporary wife” for a few hours to exchange sex for money
women’s sexuality is fungible - what does that mean?
it can be exchanged or transposed for many other kinds of resources
what is the concept of the “casting couch”?
the phenomenon where women have sex not only for money but for promotions, a raise, or to get a job (usually they suffer through it and do NOT enjoy it)
what is “friends with benefits”?
sexual relationship with a friend involving mutual respect, longevity, some measure of attraction, moderate levels of passion, low commitment
what are “booty calls”?
sexual relationships with very low emotional connection, very casual, usually text or call to propose sex
for the Siriono in Bolivia, women are attracted to men’s hunting ability - why?
women exchange sex for meat (men’s affairs occur in exchange for meat BUT wives control the meat supply and can catch him cheating so to avoid he sends a piece of meat before returning home)
women who have their own resources have more power to do what?
to act on sexual desire and refuse sexual advances from a partner
how does Robert Sternberg describe intimacy?
warmth towards a person from feelings of closeness and connectedness
how does Sternberg describe passion?
intense romantic feelings and sexual desire (“lovesick”)
how does Sternberg describe commitment?
LT and ST decision making together
what is “mayakkam” to the South Indian Tamil people?
the “syndrome” of lovesickness described as confusion, dizziness, intoxication, etc.
Sternberg: what is “empty love”?
commitment, no intimacy or passion
Sternberg: what is “foolish love”?
passion and commitment, no intimacy
Sternberg: what is “liking love”?
intimacy, no passion or commitment (friends)
Sternberg: what is “romantic love”?
passion and intimacy, no commitment
Sternberg: what is “infatuation love”?
passion, no intimacy or commitment
Sternberg: what is “companionate love”?
intimacy and commitment, no passion
Sternberg: what is “consummate love”?
perfect blend of three
love acts like what?
a drug (euphoria)
passionate love (lust) resembles what?
OCD - decreases levels of serotonin
true or false: women and men describe love differently cross culturally
false; similarly
true or false: men appear to stay in love longer than women
true
– have a better change of seeing a breakup coming or initiating it while for – it seems abrupt
women, men
after a breakup which sex seems to suffer more with depression and loneliness? why?
men because women have the “tending instinct”
what is the “tending instinct”?
women are more likely to respond to stress by turning to others for support or caring for others therefore they have a better support network
what characteristics are found in women more willing to have sex without love?
extroverts willing to try new things
women more than men believe love should be a what to sex?
prerequisite
men more than women believe sexual acts do what to love?
exemplify
true or false: there are more women who have reported having sex to deepen an emotional bond
false; no substantial differences in men and women who reported it
what is the theory of love Aristophanes describes in “Symposium”?
all humans have 4 legs, 4 arms, 2 faces but Zeus cut all in half an everyone is searching to reunite
humans and bonobos are the only primates that participate in osculation which is what?
kissing
kissing can decrease what hormone?
cortisol - the stress hormone
why may women want to have sex with someone who is a good kisser?
kissing may be a litmus test for health (bad breath)
what are the hormones released during sex that are linked to bonding?
vasopressin and oxytocin
what is the cuddle hormone?
oxytocin
vasopressin increases most post-orgasm in which sex?
men
oxytocin increases most post-orgasm in which sex?
women
true or false: monogamous animals who are attached have increased levels of vasopressin and oxytocin
true
concealed ovulation likely evolved to do what?
increase pair bonding and commitment
true or false: derogation of the competition always works
false; it depends on LT or ST
true or false: for LT mating only women care for long courtship, men don’t
false; both men and women want a long courtship for evaluation
what are some useful tactics men use to attract mates?
display tangible resources, brag about accomplishments, lie about achievements, derogate rival’s resources/potential, display generosity
immediate wealth displays are more effective for – relationships
ST
men showing potential for resources for – relationships
LT
men wearing nice clothes is an effective tactic for – relationships
both ST and LT
men displaying masculine self-confidence is more of an effective tactic for – relationships than –
ST > LT
self confidence in men cues to what?
status and resources
initiating visual contact is an effective tactic for women more in – than in – relationships
ST > LT
true or false: women use perceived vulnerability and low intelligence as a strategy to get what they want
true
what does humor in a man cue to?
compatibility, intelligence, moral virtue, cognitive skills
