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Cell Bio > The Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

The Cytoskeleton Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cytoskeleton is also called the

A

the skeleton of our cells

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2
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments

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3
Q

what is the location of intermediate filaments

A

area where cells come in contact with one another

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4
Q

what do intermediate filaments help with?

A

anchoring the cells with cell junction

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5
Q

where do microtubules start and go out too?

A

start in the nucleus and go out to the cell membrane

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6
Q

where do actin filaments lie

A

beneath the plasma membrane and help with cell shape

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7
Q

what helps with providing strength to axons and gives meshwork inside the nucleus giving shape and structure

A

intermediate filaments

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8
Q

whats in the middle of microtubules and actin filaments

A

intermediate filaments

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9
Q

where are intermediate filaments more prominent

A

neurons

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10
Q

can motor proteins figure out direction with intermediate filaments

A

no they can not

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11
Q

in intermediate filaments, the alpha helix wraps around one another to form a

A

coil coil dimer

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12
Q

is there polarity in the structure of intermediate filaments

A

yes

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13
Q

when do you lose polarity in an intermediate filament

A

tetramer

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14
Q

how do motor proteins know where to go

A

they look for polarity

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15
Q

are intermediate filaments hard or easy to break down

A

they are very hard to break down

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16
Q

how many tetramers do you put together to form the intermediate filaments

A

8 tetramers

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17
Q

definition for a molecule cannot be broken by the energy of the environment

A

thermal stability

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18
Q

how must intermediate filaments be disassembled

A

with cellular machinery

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19
Q

neurofilaments are composed of

A

intermediate filaments

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20
Q

what are essential for growth and stability of neurons

A

neurofilaments

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21
Q

what intermediate filaments is abundant in hair and nails

A

keratin

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22
Q

a genetic skin disorder from mutations in keratin is called

A

epidermolysis bullosa simplex

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23
Q

what share structural similarities

A

microtubules and actin

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24
Q

are noncovalent bonds strong or weak

A

weak

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25
Q

microtubules are composed of

A

tubulin protein monomers

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26
Q

actin filaments are composed of

A

G-actin protein monomers

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27
Q

single protofilaments are

A

thermally unstable

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28
Q

where are multiple protofilaments assembled and disassembled usually

A

at the ends

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29
Q

microtubules originate from

A

MTOC

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30
Q

MTOCs are also called

A

centrosomes

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31
Q

microtubules are crucial for

A

cell division

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32
Q

what look like long straight cylinders / drinking straws

A

microtubules

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33
Q

the tubulin monomer protein is composed of an

A

alpha-beta heterodimer

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34
Q

how does a microtubule assemble

A

alpha beta alpha beta

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35
Q

what are the ends of the microtubules called

A

beta and alpha tubulin

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36
Q

the beta end of a microtubule can bind and hydrolyze

A

GTP

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37
Q

is beta tubulin a slow or fast hydrolyzer

A

slow

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38
Q

where is GTP stuck in the microtubule

A

alpha end

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39
Q

can GTP be hydrolyzed in the alpha end of a microtubule

A

no it is stuck

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40
Q

how many protofilaments does it take to form a hollow straw

A

13

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41
Q

alpha and beta contacts in what

A

heterodimer and filament

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42
Q

any changes that need to happen in a microtubule occur where

A

one end or the other

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43
Q

microtubule filaments are nucleated from the

A

centrosome

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44
Q

motor protein in the MTOC can sense alpha and beta which tell it if it is going

A

inside or outside

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45
Q

what is around the pair of centrioles

A

pericentriolar

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46
Q

what are microtubules growing from gamma tubulin ring complexes of the centrosome called

A

y-TuRC

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47
Q

what side are the MTOCs at

A

minus side

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48
Q

what side are the TuRC at

A

plus ends

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49
Q

in the MTOC do the negative or positive sides face out

A

the plus ends face out

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50
Q

is GTP- tubulin or GDP-tubulin more stable

A

GTP-tubulin

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51
Q

where is majority of microtubule growth

A

the plus end

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52
Q

the plus end of microtubules are fast which means

A

hydrolysis lags behind

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53
Q

most of the minus ends are held at the? which mean

A

MTOCS, no growth or loss

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54
Q

whenever we add tubulin to a microtubule its in its

A

GTP bound form

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55
Q

is t-tubulin being added to both sides of the microtubule

A

yes, but falls off the minus end as fast as it is added

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56
Q

why does the t-tubulin fall off the minus end so fast

A

is it hydrolyzed right away to d-tubulin

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57
Q

growth to shrinkage is called

A

castastrophe

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58
Q

shrinkage to growth is called

A

rescue

59
Q

growing is when

A

addition of GTP tubulin outpaces hydrolysis

60
Q

shrinkage is when

A

hydrolysis has outpaced addition

61
Q

if the t-tublin addition to the plus end slows, then

A

GTP cap gets hydrolyzed

62
Q

does shrinking and growing happen together or independently

A

independently

63
Q

what bundles filaments into higher-order structures by stabilizing and cross-linking

A

MAPs

64
Q

what protein binds to the microtubule to help prevent it from being broken down

A

tau

65
Q

what are some linkage points between microtubules and cancer

A

cell division, microtubules is what pools apart the sister chromatids, and improper sister chromatid separation can lead to cancer

66
Q

what is the smallest of the cytoskeleton elements

A

actin

67
Q

actin forms a helical polymer how many nm in diameter

A

8 nm

68
Q

what is a main component of actin

A

muscle contraction

69
Q

actin is also called

A

microfilaments

70
Q

what does actin bind too

A

ATP

71
Q

what does tubulin bind to

A

GTP

72
Q

actin can hydrolyze ATP to

A

ADP

73
Q

is there a plus and minus end in actin

A

yes

74
Q

is actin a slow or fast ATPase

A

slow

75
Q

growth is mainly at what end of actin

A

the plus end

76
Q

actin polymers filaments are nucleated by

A

ARP2/3 complex

77
Q

where does ARP2/3 bind

A

the minus end

78
Q

what does ARP2/3 do

A

binds to minus end and facilitates growth outward from the plus end

79
Q

the ARP is usually at the

A

cell periphery

80
Q

ARP2/3 arranges into what upon activation

A

scaffold

81
Q

where is gamma turc usually

A

at the nucleus

82
Q

does gamma turc or arp facilitate branching

A

arp

83
Q

how many filaments can ARP2/3 complex bind to

A

2 at once

84
Q

actin filament end can be

A

capped for stability

85
Q

what is happening in listeriosis

A

an intracellular parasite hijacks ARP2/3 and uses actin like a rocket

86
Q

what has loose packing which allows myosin II to enter the bundle

A

contractile bundle

87
Q

what consists of a contractile bundle

A

actin filaments and alpha actinin

88
Q

what bundle packs much tighter and prevents myosin II from binding

A

parallel bundle

89
Q

what consists of a parallel bundle

A

actin filaments and fimbrin

90
Q

what is fimbrin

A

smaller alpha actinin that results in tighter packing of actin

91
Q

actin bundles give cells their

A

shape

92
Q

what do intermediate filaments anchor the cells to

A

gut epithethial cells

93
Q

what determines and maintains the polarity of a cell

A

cytoskeleton

94
Q

what forms contractile rings and pinches two daughter cells in distinct units

A

actin

95
Q

a mutation in smooth muscle cell actin correlates with higher instances of premature onset of

A

coronary artery disease and premature ischemic strokes

96
Q

Fluid shear stress plays an essential role in

A

maintaining vascular homeostasis

97
Q

laminar blood flow with higher FFS means

A

atheroprotective areas

98
Q

turbulent blood flow with low FSS means

A

atheroprone areas

99
Q

what do motor proteins look for on a cytoskeleton element

A

polarity

100
Q

does actin respond to inflammatory stress

A

yes

101
Q

microtubule motor proteins are

A

kinesin and dynein

102
Q

actin motor proteins are

A

myosin

103
Q

what side does kinsein walk towards

A

plus end

104
Q

what side are motor domains on kinesin

A

n terminus

105
Q

what side are cargo domains on kinesin

A

c terminus

106
Q

what side of kinesin does cargo bind

A

c terminus

107
Q

multiple rounds of ATP hydrolysis allow cyclical binding and release of the

A

kinesin heads

108
Q

does kinesin walkins consume a lot of atp

A

yes

109
Q

kinesin requires what pathway and what coat proteins

A

exocytic pathway and COPII coats

110
Q

what do dyneins require

A

accessory proteins to binds to its cargo

111
Q

what direction are dyneins going in

A

the minus side

112
Q

what does dynactin use to bind to the vesicle

A

dynactin complex

113
Q

what pathways would dynein use

A

endocytosis, clathrin and retrieval

114
Q

what does nocodazole do

A

depolymerizes microtubules

115
Q

where does myosin move towards

A

the minus end

116
Q

does myosin walk

A

no it is more like a power stroke

117
Q

what does myosin use to facilitate myosin heads binding to actin to push along the actin filament

A

ATP binding hydrolysis

118
Q

skeletal muscles are bundles of

A

muscle fibers

119
Q

how are muscle fibers formed

A

by fusion of many individual cells during development

120
Q

what are thin filaments in myofibril structure

A

actin

121
Q

what are thick filaments in myofibril structure

A

myosin

122
Q

sarcomeres are

A

one z disc to another

123
Q

what causes muscle contraction? when comes together or goes apart

A

comes together

124
Q

what prevents myosin from binding

A

tropomyosin

125
Q

what happens which exposes myosin binding

A

Ca

126
Q

myosin permits

A

cell movement

127
Q

cells are able to crawl along a substrate by using a

A

four-wheel drive type mechanism

128
Q

what do we rely on when we want to push the plasma membrane forward

A

ARP2/3 because it provides branching

129
Q

true or false: anything that happens in the cytoplasms is indirectly connected to the nucleus

A

true

129
Q

what proteins do we use for indirect coupling

A

Kash and SUN

130
Q

cells are indirectly couples across their

A

cell-cell junctions

131
Q

what can we target in order to target cancer

A

microtubules

132
Q

what is a very common chemotherapy medication which prevents microtubule disassembly, thereby killing rapidly dividng cells

A

taxol

133
Q

what stabilizes MTS and prevents cell division

A

taxol

134
Q

what sends a signal

A

action potential

135
Q

what is the source of depolarization

A

the opening of ion channels

136
Q

order of a nerve stimulus

A

closed, open, inactivated, closed

137
Q

what happens during synapse for action potential

A

where we convert the electrical signal into a chemical signal and back to an electrical signal

138
Q

what is rapidly removed from cleft after activation of post-synaptic cell

A

neurotransmitter

139
Q

what causes muscle contraction

A

release of calcium

140
Q

muscle contraction is active or passive

A

passive process

141
Q

what has a low concentration of ca2+ when muscle is releaxed and a high concentration when contracted

A

sarcoplasm

142
Q

ATP hydrolysis changed the conformation of the calcium pump, allowing it to move calcium ions from

A

sarcoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum

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