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Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three main things cells have to do?

A

grow, segregate, and divide into two

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2
Q

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

interphase

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3
Q

what starts during anaphase

A

cytokinesis

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4
Q

depending on the type of cell determines what

A

how long the process is going to take

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5
Q

how many copies of DNA are in G1

A

one copy

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6
Q

how many copies of DNA are in S phase

A

1.1-1.9

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7
Q

what is happening in S phase

A

DNA replication

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8
Q

how many copies of DNA are in G2 phase

A

two copies

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9
Q

what is happening in G1 phase

A

it is getting ready for replication

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10
Q

how many times do cells replicate in S phase

A

once and only once

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11
Q

what is happening in G2 phase

A

getting ready for mitosis and makes a lot of microtubules to separate sister chromatids

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12
Q

what does START represent

A

the transition from G1 to S

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13
Q

START marks the

A

commitment to enter S phase

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14
Q

is the cell cycle a one or two way street

A

one way street

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15
Q

Flow cytometry determines what

A

the amount of DNA inside the cell and run it through an automated fluorescent microscope that forces cells to line up in a single file and pass through a laser which takes pics

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16
Q

wherever the arrest or stop is it will continue until it gets to…

A

that point and thats when it will arrest

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17
Q

examples of cells that are non-dividing

A

spinal cord, neurons, brain cells, smooth muscle cells of vascular system

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18
Q

what phase are cells non-dividing

A

G0

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19
Q

what are two major chromosomal events that occur in S phase and M phase

A

segregation and separation

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20
Q

what question is asked going from g1 to s phase

A

is the environment favorable?

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21
Q

what questions are asked going from g2 to mitosis

A

is all dna replicated?
is environment favorable?

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22
Q

what questions are asked in mitosis

A

are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?

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23
Q

what are two options for cell cycle checkpoints

A
  1. temporary cell cycle arrest
  2. permanent cell cycle arrest
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24
Q

how do the cell cycle checkpoints work?

A

cell cycle checkpoint work through CDKs

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25
Q

what are CDKs

A

cyclin-dependent kinases

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26
Q

what do CDKs do

A

phosphorylate proteins that drive the cell cycle

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27
Q

CDKs must be activated by specific

A

cyclins

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28
Q

CDK levels are

A

constant

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29
Q

are CDKs activity constant

A

no just levels

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30
Q

what determines when the CDKs activate

A

the concentration of cyclins

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31
Q

cyclin binding moves what

A

an inhibitory protein loop (T-loop) out of the Cdk active site

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32
Q

what enzyme completes Cdk activation

A

CAK

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33
Q

CAK stands for

A

Cdk- activating kinase

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34
Q

what turns CDKs off

A

WEE1

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35
Q

WEE1 kinase is the only

A

phosphate that turns something off

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36
Q

what activated CDKs again

A

Cdc25 phosphatase

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37
Q

Cdc25 phosphatase does what

A

removes WEE1

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38
Q

what grabs on and prevents the CDKs from doing anything

A

p27

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39
Q

CDK Inhibitor proteins do what

A

inactivate cyclin-cdk complexes

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40
Q

what is a tumor supressor

A

p53

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41
Q

tumor suppressor genes do what

A

stop cell cycle from progressing

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42
Q

oncogenes act as

A

gas pedals that drive the cell cycle

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43
Q

DNA damage stimulates

A

p53

44
Q

p53 activates the

A

transcription of CKI protein p21 that stops the cell cycle

45
Q

what is loaded in G1 but not activated until S phase

A

pre-replicative complex preRC

46
Q

what is always bound to the replication origin

A

ORC

47
Q

what associated in G1

A

Cdc6

48
Q

Cdc6 and ORC together along with Cdt1 do what

A

load the DNA replication helicase in an inactive form

49
Q

S-Cdk phosphorylates helicase which is an

A

activator/ initiator protein

50
Q

DDK phosphorylates

A

DNA helicase

51
Q

phosphorylated DNA helicase initiates

A

DNA replication

52
Q

what phosphorylated ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 to deactivate them

A

S-Cdk

53
Q

when are ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 dephosphorylated

A

at the end of mitosis

54
Q

why do we had to add cohesion proteins

A

so when dna replicated we know which strands of DNA go together

55
Q

during replication cohesion protein deposited

A

along the length of the chromosome

56
Q

cohesion rings encircle

A

both sister chromatids

57
Q

what triggers condensation of replicated chromosomes and induces the assembly of the mitotic spindle, breaks down the nuclear envelope and rearranges the actin cytoskeleton

A

M-Cdk

58
Q

what drives mitosis

A

M-Cdk

59
Q

M-Cdk levels build up during

A

G2 phase

60
Q

M-Cdk levels build up but is kept inactive by

A

Wee1

61
Q

when cells enter M phase what is activated

A

Cdc25

62
Q

Wee1 is suppressed and M-Cdk becomes

A

activated

63
Q

by inhibiting Wee1 it does what

A

increases M-Cdk

64
Q

what is M-Cdk tasked with

A

condensing our DNA into our sister chromatids

65
Q

condensin is a

A

5-subunit protein that coils up DNA

66
Q

condensin’s activity is stimulated when it is

A

phosphorylated by M-Cdk

67
Q

the cytoskeleton allows for

A

separation of duplicated chromosomes and the division of the cell

68
Q

M-Cdk initiates

A

mitotic spindle assembly

69
Q

microtubules originate from

A

centrosomes

70
Q

microtubules pull

A

chromatids apart

71
Q

the centrosomes or MTOCS are duplicated early in

A

S phase

72
Q

the centrosomes duplicated in S phase form the

A

spindle poles

73
Q

astral microtubules are found on

A

the backside and position the spindle pole at opposite ends of the cell

74
Q

kinetochore microtubules interact with

A

sister chromatids

75
Q

kinetochores orient

A

back to back

76
Q

kinetochores reduce the chance that

A

both sister chromatids will become attached to one spindle pole

77
Q

the arrangement of the kinetochore is called

A

bi-orientation

78
Q

how many microtubules for each spindle pole attached to your sisters

A

1

79
Q

what is responsible for anchoring the microtubule at the kinetochore

A

Ndc80

80
Q

why is the formation of Ndc80 important

A

it forms a ring around the side of the microtubule and allows addition and loss at plus end

81
Q

increased tension increases

A

microtubule binding affinity

82
Q

the correct spindle attachment arrangement increases

A

tension at the kinetochore

83
Q

astral microtubules position spindles poles

A

correctly

84
Q

interpolar microtubules

A

interdigitate to provide stability and allow movement of the spindle poles

85
Q

many motor proteins function in concert to align the spindle poles and the chromosomes on the

A

metaphase plate

86
Q

APC/C is an

A

ubiquitin ligase

87
Q

APC/C does what

A

gets rid of proteins we don’t need and degrades M cyclins and S cyclins

88
Q

what is activated by Cdc20 binding

A

APC/C

89
Q

activated APC/C causes

A

sister chromatid separation by degrading securin

90
Q

separase

A

a protease which cleaves cohesin

91
Q

no tension means

A

no anaphase

92
Q

chromosomes that is not attached to a spindle is going to

A

inhibit APC/C

93
Q

relaxed kinetochore means

A

not bi-oriented

94
Q

not bi-oriented means it

A

changes shape of kinetochore

95
Q

a relaxed kinetochore alters shape of

A

Mad2 which activates it

96
Q

Mad2 binds and inhibits

A

APC/C

97
Q

what helps Mad2

A

BubR1

98
Q

when we have tension what cant bind

A

Mad2 and BubR1

99
Q

nondisjunction means

A

you do not have correct sister separation

100
Q

more than 90 percent of tumors are

A

aneuploidy

101
Q

aneuploidy means

A

abnormal chromosome number

102
Q

if spindle assembly checkpoint does not operate properly during meiosis than gametes will be

A

aneuploid

103
Q

down syndrome is from

A

nondisjunction during maternal meiosis I

104
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

two or more X chromosomes in males

105
Q

unicellular organisms can afford to be

A

selfish

106
Q

if damage is not repaired,

A

the cell will recommence the cell cycle

107
Q

permanently arrested cells of multicellular organisms will undergo

A

apoptosis or programmed cell death

Cell Bio (5 decks)

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