The Cultural Revolution 1966-1976 Flashcards
1
Q
who was jiang qing
A
mao’s fourth wife, given the job of overseeing the rev
2
Q
what is the CCRG
A
central cultural revolution group
3
Q
when was jaing qing given a place on the CCRG
A
1966
4
Q
what was the CCRG responsible for
A
remoulding culture
5
Q
how powerful did the CCRG become
A
extremely - rivalled the politburo and controlled the PLA
6
Q
which part of the CCRG was jiang qing given control over
A
the art and literature group
7
Q
what was jiang qing’s slogan
A
‘make it revolutionary or ban it’
8
Q
what change did qing make to revolutionary opera
A
only allowed 8 operas
9
Q
what was the impact of the limits on revolutionary opera
A
massive loss of culture and people disliked seeing the same ones over and over and producers stopped producing
10
Q
what was mao’s slogan about the cultural rev
A
the more brutal the more revolutionary
11
Q
how did the cultural rev begin
A
as an internal party purge that evolved into a mass campagin
12
Q
what is the political cause of the cultural rev
A
divisions within the ccp
13
Q
what were the two sides within the comm gov during cultural rev
A
ideologues and pragmatists
14
Q
why were there divisions within the ccp
A
pragmatist policies had more success than GLF = mao jealous = distrusts colleagues who watered his policies down
15
Q
why did mao feel personally insulted by the divisions within the ccp
A
- his policies were being watered down
- he was being ignored in policy making
- thought of mao stopped being used as propaganda
16
Q
what is an ideologue
A
someone who emphasises the theoretical ideas
17
Q
who were the ideologues
A
mao, lin biao, jiang qing
18
Q
was lin biao an ideologue or pragmatist
A
ideologue
19
Q
what is a pragmatist
A
someone who emphasises whatever action is necessary for required results
20
Q
who were the pragmatists
A
deng xiaoping
liu shaoqi
zhou enlai
21
Q
was deng xiaoping an ideologue or pragmatist
A
pragmatist
22
Q
was liu shaoqi an ideologue or pragmatist
A
pragmatist
23
Q
was zhou enlai an ideologue or pragmatist
A
pragmatist
24
Q
what was the ideological cause of the cultural rev
A
the quest for permanent rev
25
what was the quest for permanent rev
criticisms about the party being bureaucratised evolving into constantly replacing authority to prevent officals becoming too comfortable
26
what is meant when the party is described as bureaucratised
cadres and officials exploiting their power and becoming too comfortable in their privileged positions
27
how can permanent rev prevent the party being bureaucratised
constantly replacing authority leads to constant class struggle and removes anyone acting against the party interest (revisionists)
28
who were the revisionists
those wanting to change the communist ideology - permanent rev sought to remove them
29
when was the early 10 points programme
feb 1963
30
what policies were there to help the quest for permanent rev
- 10 points programme
- 4 clean ups
31
what was the early 10 points programme
idea that the masses should be mobilised to criticise corrupt party cadres
32
what policy got created to act on the early 10 points programme
4 clean ups
33
what were the 4 clean ups
economy
organisation
politics
ideology
34
what was the 4 clean ups campaigns
economy, organisation, politics and ideology were cleansed of non-comm ideas
35
who came up with the early 10 points and 4 clean ups
mao
36
when was the later 10 points programme
autumn 1963
37
who came up with the later 10 points programme
deng xiaoping
38
what was the later 10 points programme
any disruption was to be kept to a minimum during the cleansing on non-comm ideas
39
why was mao insulted by the later 10 points programme
undid Mao's early 10 points and 4 clean ups making him think all his work was about to be undone
40
how did mao want to ideologically target the youth in the cultural rev
wanted to test them to becoming ideologically committed to defending communism
41
name mao's 4 supporters
lin biao
kang sheng
chen boda
jiang qing
42
what power base did lin biao have
head of PLA
43
what power base did kang sheng have
head of the secret police
44
what power base did chen boda have
propaganda cheif, headed CCRG
45
name mao's four opponents
liu shaoqi
deng xiaoping
chen yun
bo yibo
46
when did mao swim in the yangtze river
july 1966
47
why did mao swim in the yangtze river
as propaganda, to present him as strong and fit
48
when was the 16 point directive on the cultural rev announced
august 1966
49
what were the rectification campaigns
the purge of party enemies
50
why did mao have a big impact on the oyuth
all their life they had been fed his propaganda so they understand him to be right
51
what did mao say to excite the youth
'dare to rebel against authority'
52
when did mao say 'dare to rebel against authority'
may 1965
53
why did 'dare to rebel against authority' excite the youth
it was opposite to confucian thought
54
originally, who formed the red guards
only the children of party cadres
55
why did the youth join the red guards (3 reasons)
- pragmatic careerism
- prove loyalty
- new opportunity
56
what is pragmatic careerism
the youth wanted to join the red guards for party connections for employment opportunities
57
what was 'the east is red'
became the unofficial national anthem of china
58
where was 'the east is red' played
- schools
- loudspeaker through towns
59
what were some features of the cult of mao
- maoist thought
- worship of mao
- loyalty dance
- the east is red
60
what was a loyalty dance
passangers at train stations had to perform the loyalty dance to be able to board the train
61
give an example of the worship of mao
at workplaces in the morning people had to bow to his protrait and ask for instructions for the day ahead
62
what were big character posters
propaganda communicating political ideas
63
when did mao have his big character poster published in beijing
5th august 1966
64
between august and nov 1966 how many red guards visited tiananmen square
1 million
65
how were the mass rallies made more accessible
train travel was made free
66
how did the PLA help the youth attend the mass rallies
transported them across the country, set up temporary canteens and shelters in beijing
67
what was the point of the mass rallies (3 points)
- demonstrate the popularity of mao
- legitimise the youth's radical movement
- excite and encourage more action for the cultural rev
68
how was the red guards' movement legitimised at the first mass rally
one of the red guards got to put a red guard armband on mao
69
when was the four olds campaign
august 1966
70
what was the aim of the four olds campaign
destroy old ideas, culture, customs, habits
71
what were the four olds
ideas
culture
customs
habits
72
how did the four olds campaign affect road signs
changed to be more revolutionary eg 'anti-revisionism street'
73
how did the four olds campaign affect children's names
changed to be more revolutionary eg 'red glory
74
what instruction were the red guards given during the four olds campaign
'boldly arouse the masses'
75
how did the four olds campaign affect shop signs
feudal shop signs changed to 'defend mao zedong'
76
in 5 provinces, how many books were lost by the end of the rev
7 million
77
what happened to Hai Rui's burial site
corpse taken from grave, broken into pieces and burnt in public square
78
who was Hai Rui
originally a cultural hero denounced by the cultural rev
79
in shangdong, what happened to the confucius temple
it was destroyed - 6618 artefacts ruined including graves, paintings and books
80
what was the significance of the qing era archway
200 years old, a type of architecture from early china
81
what happened to the qing era archway
destroyed because it didn't represent communism
82
how was anarchy more organised in tibet
valuables were taken by the youth to sell on international art markets before monastries and shrines were destroyed
83
how was tibetan culture targeted
- long hair was cut
- shrines destroyed and looted
- scriptures used as toilet paper
84
what period is called the red terror
later half of 1966
85
what are examples of the red terror
- struggle meetings
- prison camps
- reeducation
- suicides to escape threat
86
what is anarchy
a state of disorder due to absence/non-recognition of authority
87
what did anarchy within the red guards lead to
rival groups of the red guards vs the rebels
88
why was there anarchy within the red guards
all from different backgrounds - working class vs non-working class
89
what were the two groups within the red guards called
the five red types
the five black elements
90
who were the five red types in the red guards
workers, peasants, rev cadres, soldiers etc (ideological purity)
91
who were the five black elements
landlords, rich peasants, counter revolutionaries, rightists
92
what did the growth of anarchy within the red guards lead to
a wave of ultra-democracy
93
what is meant by the wave of ultra democracy
radicals called for the abolition of the party - mao shot them all
94
when was the february adverse current
feb 1967
95
what was the feb adverse current
officials protested against mao's policy of encouraging chaos
96
how did mao respond to the feb adverse current
dismissed the officials saying they were going against his plans
97
in april 1967 what did mao tell the red guards after the feb adverse current
'have no fear of chaos'
98
which official in particular spoke out at the feb adverse current
zhu de
99
what occured in wuhan in summer 1967
battles between the pla and red guards
100
when were the revolutionary committees introduced
sept 1967
101
what were the rev committees
new organisations in each province merging the party, state and army
102
why did mao introduce the rev committees
he was concerned anarchy could lead to challenging the party
103
in wuhan how many red guards did the pla arrest and why
500 - for attacking the party
104
how many protesters did the pla kill in wuhan
1000
105
why were there protests in wuhan
to criticise the pla for their violence against the red guards
106
when did the restoration of order by the pla begin
1968
107
what order did the pla get from mao in 1968
ordered to crush the red guards and reestablish control of the central party
108
who launched the cleansing of the class ranks campaign
jiang qing
109
when was the cleansing of the class ranks campaign
1968
110
what was the cleansing of the class ranks campaign
campaign to eradicate all signs of capitalism (non-communism)
111
how many people were purged (arrested) in the cultural rev
1.84 million
112
what methods of terror were used during the cleansign of the class ranks campaign
- surveillance
- mass rallies
- struggle meetings
- imprisonment
- beaten to death
- suicides were high
113
in yunnan how many people committed suicide from the cleansing of the class ranks campaign
6979 'death from enforced suicide'
114
in which ways was the cleansing of the class ranks campaign more brutal in the south of china
- mass graves
- high rates of cannibalism
115
when was the 9th party congress
april 1969
116
what happened at the 9th party congress
lin biao confirmed as mao's successor
117
why was liu shaoqi not liked by mao
he sent work teams to control the violence of the red guards - mao used this as evidence of his rightist beliefs
118
what happened to liu shaoqi
august 1967 put in solitary confinement but must be kept alive
119
when was liu shaoqi put in solitary confinement
aug 1967
120
what did jiang qing do to find evidence to use against liu shaoqi
torture 28,000 people
121
when did jiang qing produce evidence to the central committee that liu shaoqi was guilty
oct 1968
122
when did lin biao replace liu shaoqi
1969
123
when did liu shaoqi die
nov 1969 - from pneumonia
124
why did mao not like deng xiaoping
helped liu introduce reforms
125
what did mao do to deng xiaoping
sent him to a tractor factory to take him out of public view
126
why did mao not like lin biao
saw his military power as a threat, thought he wanted to take mao's job
127
why was lin biao such a military threat
headed 21/29 rev committees in 1967
128
how did lin biao die
fled on a plane but the plane crashed because it ran out of fuel
129
when did lin biao die
1971
130
what percetnage of regional and provisional party cadres were purged
70-80%
131
how many members of the politburo died in the cultrual rev
14/23
132
how much of the central committee were deposed during the cultural rev
2/3
133
what were the may 17th cadre schools
indoctrination and hard (pointless) labour camps
134
how many cadres were sent to the countryside during the cultural rev
3 million
135
how many party members were killed during the rev
500,000
136
what happened to the brittish embassy
set alight, staff were beaten
137
who was sidney rittenburg
an american communist who had always supported mao
138
what happened to sidney rittenburg
sent to may 17th cadre school in 1968, released 1977
139
what is the significance of sidney rittenburg
evidence of how foreigners were targeted even if supporter of mao
140
what was the 'up to the mountains, down to the villages' campaign about
winding down the cultural rev by controlling the red guards
141
what happened to the red guards during the 'up to the mountains, down to the villages' campaign
sent to the countryside to learn how to live in rural areas
142
how many red guards were sent to the countryside in the 'up to the mountains, down to the villages' campaign
18 million
143
what corruption was involved in the 'up to the mountains, down to the villages' campaign
red guars with party connections moved back to the city
144
what social problem was there with the 'up to the mountains, down to the villages' campaign
- peasants had little spare food to share with the red guards
- red guards had to be taught everything about rural life
145
when was deng xiaoping's return to power
1975
146
how did deng xiaoping return to power
picked to join the politburo and appointed chief of staff under the pla
147
why did deng xiaoping return to power
mao in bad health and the other options all had cancer
148
what was the four modernisations campaign
advancement of agri, indust, science, tech
149
what were there four modernisations
agri
indust
science
technology
150
how was the four modernisations different to mao's policies
focus on expertise and skill rather than mass mobilisation
151
when was the criticise lin criticse confucius campaign
1973
152
what was the purpose of the criticise lin criticse confucius campaign
remove deng and zhou enlai from power
153
why did the criticise lin criticse confucius campaign fail
people saw the personal political motives behind it and dismissed it as nonsense
154
who introduced the criticise lin criticse confucius campaign
the gang of four
155
when did zhou enlai die
jan 1976
156
what was the publics reaction to enali's death
millions mourned, put wreaths out to commemorate him - protested against gov when it tried to remove the wreaths
157
what was the significance of enali's funeral
jiang took it as an opportunity to criticise xiaoping - misunderstood people's feeling so her popularity fell
158
how was deng removed from power the second timr
sent to a pig farm
159
what did the gang of four hope would happen to deng
they could claim he was a coutner-rev and kill him but this didn't happen
160
who did mao name as successor
hua guofeng
161
when did mao die
9 sept 1976
162
who was hau guofeng
bureaucrat with an abscure background - no enemies
163
what did guofeng do after maos death
introduce the 'two whatevers' policy
164
what was the 'two whatevers' policy
- uphold whatever policy decisions mao made
- follow whatever instructions mao gave
165
when were the gang of four arrested
6 oct 1976
166
why were the gang of four arrested
accused of 'entering an anti-party and anti-socialist alliance'
167
when and how did jaing qing die
1991 - hung herself after cancer and depression
168
how did deng return to power the last time
became china's paramount leader through having much party support
169
what impact did deng have on the party after returning the last time
introduced economic reforms allowing more freedom - improving QOL and undoing chaos
170
who were the gang of four
chen boda
yao wenyuan
zheng chunqiao
jiang qing
171
when was the four olds launched
at the 16th central committee meeting in aug 1966
172
when was the first mass rally
18th august 1966
173
what was the little red book
carried by the red guards, consisted of mao thought - treated like the bible
174
when was the first big character poster made and who by
july 1965 by tsinghua uni - they sent it to mao and he wrote back to them in thanks
175
what happened on 5th august 1966
mao increased rev atmoshphere by saying 'bombard the headquarters'
176
what did mao mean by 'bombard the headquarters'
attack bourgeoisie leaders
177
when were the mass rallies
mid aug - late nov 1966
178
how many libaries had closed by the end of the rev
1/3 of a total of 11,000
179
how attacked the confucius temple in shangdong
200 teachers and students
180
how bad did the growth of anarchy get
very bad - edge of civil war
181
what was the great cultural proletarian revolution
an internal party purge by mao against opponents
182
how many people died in the great cultural proletarian revolution
thousands
183
why could mao be described as a dead ancestor
politically he was respected but ignored
184
what was the 1963 socialist education movement
an early attempt by mao to generate rev drive
185
why did the 1963 socialist education movement fail
liu shaoqi prevented it becoming a mass mob - kept it under control
186
when can the terror from the cultural rev be said to have ended
when lin biao came to power - 9th party congress
187
how was deng xiaoping's wife humiliated by the cleansing of the class ranks campaign
forced to wear a necklace of tennis balls (symbolising her pearl necklace = capitalist) at a mass rally infront of 30000 people
188
who created the little red book
lin biao
189
what two policies of the cultural rev targeted party membership
'bombard the headquarters'
rectification campaign
190
how were party members punished in the cultural rev
- may 17th cadre schools
- exiled
- killed
191
what was 'learn from the PLA'
launched in 1963 = propaganda to encourage rev spirit
192
what was the significance of mao introducing the slogan 'let the PLA learn from the people'
decreased lin biao's miliatry position a little by reducing the status of the PLA - orginially 'learn from the PLA'
193
why were zhou enlai and deng xiaoping targeted by the 'criticise lin ... campaign
they were rivals to jiang qing for succession
194
what are the five causes of the cultural rev
- power struggle
- remove opponents
- permanent rev
- rev the youth
- culture
195
why was power struggle a cause of the cultural rev
mao feared being treated like a 'dead ancestor' and the divide within the ccp
196
why was removing opponents a cause of the cultural rev
pragmatist vs ideologues in the ccp
197
why was permanent rev a cause of the cultural rev
remove corrupt bureaucracy
198
why was revolutionise the youth a cause of the cultural rev
needed thier own long march and experience
199
why was culture a cause of the cultural rev
strive to be an ideologically pure culture
200
when was the january storm
jan 1967
201
what was the january storm
seixure of party control by workers in shanghai
202
who spoke out at the feb adverse current
zhu de
203
in aug 1967 what did the red guards seize
foreign ministry
204
when did the red guards seize the foreign minstry
aug 1967
205
what is significant about the red guard seizing the foreign minsitry
evidence of the extent of the rev - only the PLA stopped them from getting access to nuclear weapons
206
what is an example of the anti-soviet propaganda
signs on shops, restaurants, hotels saying they wouldn't serve soviets
207
what impact did the cultural rev have on educations
schools closed, teachers imprisoned or killed, students formed the red guards
