Social and Cultural Change 1949-1976 Flashcards
1
Q
what percentage of men and women could read 1 letter before reform
A
30% men , 1% women
2
Q
what proportion of the curriculum was confucian beliefs before reform
A
2/3
3
Q
before reform what percentage of men and women received any form of schooling
A
45% men 2%women
4
Q
before reform in what ways did education involve inequality
A
- gender differences
- rural vs urban divide
- ELITIST: best schools in rich areas of cities
- tuition fee
5
Q
what does min pan mean
A
run by the people
6
Q
what were the min pan
A
primary schools that the local village would financially support and manage
7
Q
when were the min pan introduced
A
1949
8
Q
what was the aim of the min pan
A
increase access, aimed to have one in every village
9
Q
what happened to the min pan under the GLF
A
extended to secondary schools
10
Q
between 1949 and 1957 what did the number of primary school children increase to
A
from 26 million to 64 million
11
Q
what were the winter schools aimed at
A
aimed adults to improve adult literacy
12
Q
when were winter school introduced
A
1951-1952
13
Q
how many adults attended the winter schools
A
42 million
14
Q
when was pinyin introduced
A
1955
15
Q
what was the pinyin
A
a new widespread written language
16
Q
what was the aim of pinyin
A
to improve communication as confusion between dialects would be ruled out
17
Q
in 1952 what percentage of the population were illiterate
A
78% pop
18
Q
what was the change in the number of uni enrolments 1949-1958
A
1949- 117,000
1958 - 441,000
19
Q
how did mao change the curriculum
A
half work half study curriculum
- vocational courses so peasants were prepared to work
20
Q
how did the secondary school remain the same
A
- still favoured old bourgeoisie and children of party elites
- cities had better schools
21
Q
how did uni curriculum change
A
originally focus on humanities - now engineering, indust, agri
22
Q
what was the uni curriculum like before reform
A
focys on humanities
23
Q
in 1953 what percentage of uni students were on engineering, indust and agri courses
A
63%
24
Q
what sort of education was there in the communes
A
there was one school per commune so it was incoorporated
25
how did the cultural revolution affect education
closure of schools
26
how did the up to the mountains, down to the villages campaign affect education
these people didnt return to school = lost generation
27
what was healthcare like before reform
rudimentary system with a reliance on acupuncture and herbalism
28
what was the focus of the patriotic health campaigns
focus on prevention
29
how did the patriotic health campaigns work
work teams (cadres) were sent in to villages to teach the illiterate
30
in what ways was the patriotic health campaigns a success
- greatly reduced : smallpox, cholera, typhus, parasitic diseases
- terror campaigns reduced drug addicts
31
how did the patriotic health campaigns help drug addicts
terror campaigns against drug gangs lowered the number of addicts
32
what healthcare was available in the communes
medical clinics
33
how did the GLF improve healthcare
state investment into healthcare lead to more hospitals being built
34
in the GLF how many western-style hospitals were built
800
35
in the GLF how much did the number of doctors rise
1949 - 40,000
1965 - 150,000
36
what was the change in life expectancy 1949-1957
rose by 20 years so in 1957 it was 57
37
how did the cultural revolution and anti campaigns impact healthcare
lead to a reduction in the number of doctors
38
what campaign targeted rural healthcare specifically
the barefoot doctors
39
who were the barefoot doctors
individuals with 6 months training sent to provide rudimentary healthcare in village clinics
40
what was the impact of barefoot doctors
- adequate to treat common problems
- better than what was there before (nothing)
41
why was the impact of barefoot doctors limited
little equipment and low supplies of medicine
42
what was the infant mortality rate in rural areas
38%
43
what health campaigns specifically targeted women
work teams sent to improve midwifery and infant childcare in rural areas
44
who made the healthcare campaigns targeting women
the women's federation
45
what was the communist attitude to religion
denounced it as feudal superstitions - it had no place in the new china
46
in 1949 how big of a part of peoples lives was religion
centre of people lives - festivals etc
47
what was the early religious policies used by the CCP
less militant - tried to get the religious leaders to work with the new regime but not successful
48
why was islam in particular a threat to the ccp
leaders were very very popular and Xinjiang bordered foreign muslim countries
49
why was confucianism targeted
it represented old fashioned thought - old culture
50
why was christianity targeted
it wsa believed to represent the west
51
why was buddhism targeted
to rid china of all religion - plus it was easier to attack
52
why was islam targeted
posed the biggest threat by popularity and potential foreign involvement
53
why was ancestor worship targted
like confucianism it represented old thought
54
how did the ccp attack confucianism
temples, shrines and museums dedicated to it were destroyed
55
how did the ccp attack christianity
the patriotic church movement
56
what was the patriotic church movement
christian leaders were pressurised into convincing their congregation to be loyal to the ccp
57
how successful was the patriotic churhc movement with protestantism
better than catholics - protestant missionaries declined heavily and control achieved
58
how did the patriotic church movement allow the ccp to establish greater control
ccp would cut ties with foreign leaders and schools and hospitals would be taken over
59
what was the change in the number of protestant missionaries 1949-1952
1949 - 3000
1952 - 100
60
was the patriotic church movement successful with the catholics
limited success - there was more resistance to it
61
what 4 things did the ccp do in response to the resistance from the catholics
- launched crackdown on clergy
- introduced surveillance on catholics
- banned wearing of religious symbols
- public accussations against catholics
62
what types of violence was used against the catholics
- churches destroyed
- surveillance
- public accusations
- labour camps for leaders
63
what change was the in the number of catholic missionaries 1951-1953
1951 - 3200
1953 - 360
64
how successful were the attacks on confucianism
success - it became politically dangerous to be associated with it
65
how many catholics were there in china
3 million
66
how many protestants were there in china
1 million
67
how was ancestor worship attacked
- traditions condemned
- traditions replaced
- physical destruction
68
how did mao replace the traditions of ancestor worship
stories of liberation would be told not folk tales, portraits of mao, religious shrines of mao
69
how was Qing Ming day changed to national memorial day during attacking ancestor worship
originally - offers given to ancestors
new - commemorate those who died during liberation
70
how was buddhism attacked
- monks called parasites
- ancient temples converted into hospitals etc
71
how was buddhism attacked during the cultural rev
denounced as one of the four olds = generation wiped out and property destroyed
72
how was buddhism attacked in tibet
reunification campaigns, anti campaigns
73
in tibet what was temple land turned into
communes
74
in tibet how did the ccp use agriculture to punish the monks
forced to work the most infertile land which lead to them joining the pla to escape starvation
75
why was the islamic association of china set up
to encourage cooperation with the gov
76
when was the chinese buddhist association set up
1953
77
what was the chinese buddhist association
a way to represent buddhists in gov - turned in a way to control them like the patriotic church movement
78
how was islam targeted in the cultural rev in xinjiang
- forced to eat pig
- leaders tortured
- forced to recite 'long live chairman mao'
79
what did Mao encourage the children Xinjiang to do
leave the mosques and go to government schools
80
did the muslims fight back against the ccp
yes, there was a battle, over 1000 killed
81
what is status
a social position/reputation
82
what is a role
your purpose/job
83
what was the name of the battle between the islamists and the gov
battle of gansu
84
during the cultural rev how many monasteries were destroyed in tibet
6000
85
as part of attacks on confucianism what phrases were introduced as slogans
'long live the people's gov'
86
in the 1960s how many medical graduates were there each year
23000
87
what was the life expectancy in 1949 compared to 1957
1949 - 36
1957 - 57
88
from 1952-1955 how many chinese students studied in russian unis
38000
89
in 1960 how many schools were there
30000
90
in 1960 how many uni students were there
2.9 million
91
what societal rule was used against women before 1949
the 3 obediences
92
what were the three obediences
obedient to husband, son, father
93
what was marriage like for women before 1949
- early
- arranged
- domestic abuse
94
what was infanticide
murdering baby girls because they were burdens on the family
95
what was education like for women before 1949
only 2.2% had schooling
96
what was foot binding
crippling the feet because small feet were sexually appealing
97
when was foot binding banned
1911
98
what change was made to marriage for women
the marriage law
99
when was the marriage law
1950
100
what was the marriage law
legal equality for men and women - could divorce, have property, banned child marriage and arranged marriages
101
why was the marriage law successful
- reduced arranged and child marriages
102
what was the change in the amount of child marriages from the marriage law
1949 - 19%
1958 - 2%
103
what was the change in the amount of arranged marriages from the marriage law
1940s - 30%
1960s - 1%
104
what were the problems with the marriage law
- hard to uphold
- increased divorce
- unpopularity
105
why was the marriage law hard to uphold
cadres feared resistance
106
by how much did divorce increase from the marriage law
in 1953 - 1.4 million petitions for divorce
107
why was the marriage law unpopular amoungst men
men lost the financial investment associated with marriage (bride price)
108
what employment opportunities did women have in xinjiang
female work teams
109
when did the female work teams go to xinjiang
feb 1951
110
what did the women do in the female work teams in xinjiang
actresses for the PLA and study opportunities
111
who were the female work teams in xinjiang aimed at
18-19 year old uneducated women
112
why were the female work teams in xinjiang beneficial
- escape poverty
- chance to travel
- study opportunity
113
why were the female work teams in xinjiang bad
- some sexual abuse
- returned to traditional role afterwards
- only for young women
114
by what year did grils complete 100% of primary education
1959
115
in 1949 what percentage of girls completed 100% of primary education
38%
116
what proportion of women were in party cadres in 1958
8%
117
what proportion of women were in party cadres in 1974
21%
118
were women in the red guards during cultural rev
yes
119
how were women encouraged to find a voice
'speak bitterness' meetings where women confronted men about abuse
120
what was the womens association
political platform for female activism
121
how many members of the womens association were there
76 million
122
how many staff did the womens association have
over 40,000 across 83 cities
123
what did the womens association do
provide financial support, literacy, jobs, ploughing lessons
124
who were the iron women in collectivisation
those who matched the productivity of men
125
what was the gender inequality with the work points system in collectivisation
max points: men =10, women =8 so earning potential less
126
what was the impact of the gender inequality with the work points system in collectivisation
women worked less hard, reinforced gender stereotypes and traditional roles
127
how did collectivisation lead to increase despair and suicide in women
had a double burden - do the domestic chores and agricultural job
128
what was the inequality with the communal canteens in collectivisation
men got more food than women and first pick
129
what was the situation with the kindergartens in the communes
women had to look after the children - understaffed, disease, stress
130
how did collectivisation contribute to abuse against women
- cadres took advantage of their position
- family unit collapsed
- double burden
- expectant mothers forced to work = miscarriages
- forced to work naked in Hunan in factories
