Establishment of Communist Rule, 1949-1965 Flashcards
1
Q
what does the CCP stand for
A
chinese communist party
2
Q
name the issues the ccp faced in 1949
A
- nationalist threat
- economic chaos
- lawlessness
- lack of infrastructure, transport and expertise
3
Q
what were confucious beliefs
A
societal belief, highly obedient to authority (elders), created hierarchial, rigid society
4
Q
how did the confucious beliefs impact leaders
A
had to live up to strict moral standards or they lost support
5
Q
what was the situation with lawlessness in 1949
A
1 million bandits roamed the countryside, preying on refugees from civil war
6
Q
what is the GMD
A
guomindang, nationalist party of china
7
Q
who led the gmd in 1949
A
chiang kiashek
8
Q
who led the ccp in 1949
A
mao
9
Q
what was the situation with the economy in 1949
A
hyperinflation lead to bartering and hoarding
10
Q
when was the civil war
A
1946-49
11
Q
what was the civil war about
A
against the Qing dynasty, fought against warlords
12
Q
what was the situation with transport in 1949
A
- much damage (1/2 railways)
- rivers clogged with sunken ships
- ports destroyed by bombings
13
Q
what were the three strands to comm gov
A
- PLA
- CCP
- State
14
Q
who was the head of the PLA
A
Mao = headed military affairs commission
Peng = Minister of Defence
15
Q
who was the minister of defence
A
peng dehaui
16
Q
what does the PLA stand for
A
people’s liberation army
17
Q
name the events the PLA was involved in
A
- reunification campaigns
- korean war
- regional bureaux
- suppression of opponents
18
Q
who was the head of the CCP
A
mao is chairman
19
Q
what are the 4 subgroups to the CCP (in order)
A
CCP => standing committee => politburo => central committee => national people’s congress
20
Q
how many people were in the standing committee
A
5
21
Q
how many people were in the politburo
A
25
22
Q
how many people were in the central committee
A
49
23
Q
who was the chairman of the national people’s congress
A
liu shaoqi
24
Q
name the five members of the standing committee
A
- mao
- zhou enlai
- liu shaoqi
- chen yun
- zhu de
25
what is the standing committee
a portion of the politburo, 5 men running the Government (making decisions)
26
who was the head of state
mao (president)
27
who was the premier of state
zhou enlai
28
what was the power of the state
combined legislative and executive powers
29
what was the structure of the state
24 ministries supported by a large bureaucracy
30
why could the structure of the government be described as superficial democracy
mao headed each section and the same leading 5 men were always at the top
31
what was the common programme
a provisional constitution to provide the legal basis for the new republic (1949-54)
32
when was the common programme used
1949-1954
33
what replaced the common programme
democratic centralism
34
what was democratic centralism
the new formal constitution agreed in 1954
35
what was the message of democratic centralism
new form of gov - 'all power in the people's republic belongs to the people' = voice of people represented in gov through election
36
from democratic centralism how was the people's voice represented in gov
elections to the national people's congress
37
who where political revolutionaries
anyone against the ideology of the party who as punishment didn't receive the benefits of the constitution
38
what were mao's main aims for the government
a united front of peasants and workers allied with the middle class
39
who was the minister for public security
luo ruiqing
40
what was the minister for public security responsible for
ensuring counter revolutionaries were hunted down
41
what were danweis
groups to which food housing and clothing was distributed
42
how did the danweis improve control
everyone was assigned to one and it was necessary to join since provided life necessities
43
what was the dangan
the process where everyone was labelled as who they were (job etc)
44
how did the dangan improve control
there was a crackdown on crime - prostitutes, beggars, drug dealers relocated to countryside/camps
45
what method of control was used within the danweis
dangan
46
why did mao launch the 100 flowers campaign
- peasant support in economy
- reform party with intellectuals' advice
- improve international legacy of being dictatorship
- overconfidence in popularity
47
when was the first attempt at the 100 flowers campaign
may 1956
48
what was the first attempt at the 100 flowers campaign
mao encouraged people to express ideas and thoughts about the party - everyone scared as thought it was a trick
49
what is the quote associated with the 100 flowers campaign
'let a hundred flowers bloom (intellectual ideas), let a hundred schools contend (schools of thought)'
50
when was the second attempt at the 100 flowers campaign
feb 1957
51
what happened in the second attempt at the 100 flowers campaign
mao speech to party members : admitted CCP made mistakes in identifying intellectuals as enemies
52
what was the hoped consequence of the second attempt at the 100 flowers campaign
party members would see it was not a trick and encourage intellectuals
53
was the second attmept at the 100 flowers campaign public or private (within the party)
private - the speech stayed within the party just for members
54
what were some of the criticisms of the party by the intellectuals
- compared Laogi to Auschwitz
- failure to provide democracy
- economic inequality
- personal criticisms of mao
55
when was the consequence of the 100 flowers campaign
june 1957
56
what was the consequence of the 100 flowers campaign
edited version of mao's speech in public magazine
57
what important quote from mao was in the People's Daily
'poisonous weeds amoungst fragrant flowers'
58
which magazine was the edited version of mao's speech put in
the people's daily
59
what did mao's quote in the people's daily mean
poisonous weeds = anyone the regime wanted to get rid of would be punsihed
60
what was the consequence of the 100 flowers campaign on terror
it lead to the anti-rightist campaign
61
what could people be punished for in the anti-rightist campaign
- opposing socialist culture
- opposing policies from the state
62
how did the anti-rightist campaign affect the danwei
cadres given a quota for 5% of the danweis to be damned rightist and arrested
63
how many people died in the anti-rightist campaign
400,000-700,000
64
where were 'rightists' sent
to the countryside or laogai for 'labour reform' (killed)
65
what was the social impact of the anti-rightist campaign
many people took their own lives out of fear
66
when was the supression of the counter revolutionaries
march 1950
67
who were the counter revolutionaries
- nationalists
- western businessmen
- christian missionaries
- academics
68
how were the counter revolutionaries found out
self registration
69
what was self registration
everyone in the previous nationalist regime asked to send a list to the gov of everyone they knew who was a nationalist
70
what was the trick in self registration
gov told them they would be treated leniently if honest - reality is they were arrested
71
how were the counter revolutionaries punsihed
- property confiscated
- arrested
- overlap with other campaigns
72
what was mass participation
encouraging all citizens to get involved in campaigns to denounce counter-revolutionaries
73
how did the gov encourage mass participation
- published lists of political criminals and punishments in the people's daily
- published mannuals on how to how an accusation meeting
74
what was the impact of mass participation
struggle meetings
75
what were struggle meetings
public executions were counter revolutionaries were forced to admit guilt
76
due to mass participation how many people died in the first half of 1951
800,000
77
what was the political consequence of the antis campaign
removing the current businessmen meant they could be replaced with cadres = more control
78
what were the two types of antis campaigns
3 antis
5 antis
79
when was the 3 antis campaign
aug 1951 - july 1952
80
what were the three antis
corrption, waste, inefficient bureaucracy
81
who were the targets of the three antis
inefficient civil servants (who were likely nationalists)
82
when was the 5 antis campaign
feb-may 1952
83
what were the 5 antis
bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating gov contracts, stealing econ info
84
who were the targets of the 5 antis
middle class and private business owners
85
what were the methods behind the 5 antis
confessions and telling on eachother encouraged
86
how were denunciation boxes helping the 5 antis campaign
protected the family by honesty meaning they avoided execution
87
what were the denunciation boxes
wives and children of father/husband targets of 5 antis would denounce their fathers/husbands to avoid implication
88
what are the two types of laogai
jiuye, laojiao
89
what is the focus of the jiuye laogai
forced labour camps
90
what is the focus of laojiao laogai
re education camps
91
what is the suicide rate of the laogai
1/3
92
how many estimated died from suicide in the laogai
27 million
93
in 1955 what was the population of the gulags
1.5 million
94
what did the head of public security bureau say about prisoners and what does this suggest
'better for prisoners to die than flee'
meaning : expendable inmates
95
what is the industrial economic benefit of the laogai
700 million yuan in industrial products
96
what is the agricultural economic benefit of the laogai
350,000 tonnes of grain
97
what was the peak population of the laogai
10 million
98
what is the political benefit of the laogai
converting opponents with propaganda
99
what was the aim of the reunification campaigns
seize control in peripheral regions of china
100
when was the invasion of tibet
october 1950
101
when did the dalai llama flee tibet
1959
102
what happen in the reunification campaign in guangdong
pro-nationalist area hit hard by suppress the counter revolutionaries campaign
103
how many people died in guangdong
28,000
104
what areas were targeted in the reunification campaign
- guangdong
- tibet
- xingjiang
- taiwan
105
what happened in the reunification campaign in taiwan
communists wanted to invade the nationalist rival nation but not happen because of korean war
106
what happened in the reunification campaign in xinjiang
large muslim pop - ughurs targeted
- in migration of han chinese
- leaders killed in plane crash
107
what proportion of the population in xinjiang was made up of ughur muslims
3/4 of the population of 4 million
108
what was the effect of the migration of the han chinsese
loss of culture
109
how many people tried to resist the invasion of tibet
60,000
110
when did the han chinese migration start in tibet
nov 1952
111
what was the aim of the in migration of the han chinese to tibet
increase the population from 3 to 10 million
112
when was a superficial gov set up in tibet
nov 1950
113
why were the reunification campaigns aimed at where they were aimed
tibet - bordered beijing
taiwan - nationalist rival nation
guangdong - pro nationalist
xinjiang - religious area
114
when did the xinjiang leaders die
plane crash in 1949 on way to CPPCC
115
what was the human cost of the korean war for china
400,000 (3 million went)
116
when was the korean war
1950-1953
117
what was the economic cost of the korean war
$10 billion
118
what was the resist america aid korea campagin
denounced americans as 'bandits and murderers' leading to mass meetings to sentence opponents
119
in the first half of 1951 how many counter revolutionaries were killed
800,000
120
in the first half of 1951 how many officials executions were there
135,000
121
how did the korean war affect CCP control
increased it through resist america, aid korea and the removal of opponents
122
how did the korean wear affect patriotism
increased it - PLA heroes and patriotic efforts in factories
123
how did the patriotism from the korean war affect economics
patriotic efforts in factories = harder work
'patriotic pacts' = businessmen paying tax on time
124
how did the korean war affect international prestige
- compared the west to paper tigers = scary but easy defeat
- china no longer seen as a nation to be exploited
125
how did the korean war affect nationalists
made the ROC more secure, got more USA support
126
how did the korean war affect relations with the west
soured relationships - the west saw a need to contain communism in asia
127
how did the korean war affect relations with the ussr
became reliant for aid and advice
128
what was the personal impact on mao from the korean war
maos son was killed
