Agriculture and Industry 1949-1965 Flashcards
1
Q
when was the agrarian land reform law
A
june 1950
2
Q
what was the aim of agrarian land reform
A
destroy the gentry landlord class but redistributing land to the peasants (land to the tiller movement)
3
Q
between 1950 and 1952 what was the rate of agricultural production
A
increased 15% p.a.
4
Q
what percentage of households were involved in the agrarian land reform
A
88%
5
Q
what amount of land was redistributed to the peasants in the agrarian land reform
A
43% redistributed to 60% of the population
6
Q
how many landlords died during the agrarian land reform
A
1-2 million
7
Q
was there a north south divide with the agrarian land reform
A
yes
8
Q
what was the situation with the agrarian land reform in the south
A
CCP weaker than landlords so little change - peasant population formed of organised clans
9
Q
what was the situation with the agrarian land reform in the north
A
10-15% of farmers rented their own land anyway so the reform was more about stability
10
Q
did the agrarian land reform have a bigger social or political importance
A
political
11
Q
why did the agrarian land reform have a bigger political importance than social
A
social = little class conflict anyway
political = the reform allowed the gov to decrease landlord power
12
Q
what were work teams
A
party cadres = men from the city
13
Q
how were the landlords attacked in the agrarian land reform
A
work teams sent to enforce the reform - identified landlords and they went to struggle meetings
14
Q
when were MATs introduced
A
december 1951
15
Q
were MATs voluntary
A
yes
16
Q
how many households were in the MATs
A
10-15
17
Q
by 1952 what percentage of households were in MATs
A
40%
18
Q
what happened in the MATs
A
peasants pooled tools, labour and animals
19
Q
how much change did the MATs bring
A
not much - just formalised existing arrangements
20
Q
when were APCs introduced
A
1953
21
Q
how many households were in the APCs
A
30-50
22
Q
were APCs voluntary
A
yes
23
Q
how did the APCs work
A
peasants compensated (points sys) for land labour and tools with grain or money
24
Q
what percentage of houeholds voluntarily joiend the APCs
A
14%
25
in 1955 what proportion of the population were in APCs
16.9 million out of 110 milion population
26
what change did APCs have on production levels
increased 2% per annum
27
when did enforced collectivisation begin
jan 1956
28
when were higher APCs introduced
1955
29
how many households were in higher APCs
200-300
30
how did higher APCs work
peasants got compensation for labour but not land or equipment
31
by dec 1956 what percentage of the population were in APCs and of that what were in higher APCs
APCs - 96%
higher APCs - 88%
32
when were there disagreements over collectivisation
1955
33
who were the two sides of the disafreements over collectivisation
liu and zhou VS mao and local cadres
34
what was the disagreement over collectivisation
liu and zhou = against more collectivisation
mao = more pace
35
when were the communes introduced
1958
36
how many households formed each commune
5000
37
what effect did communes have on production
combined agricultural and industrial production
38
how many APCs were turned into how many communes
740,000 APCs into 26,000 communes
39
name some of the features of communes
- creches
- mess halls
- dormitories
- schools
- happiness homes
40
how were peasants paid for their work in the communes
paid in points
41
what negative social impact did communes have
destroyed famly life
42
what is the official policy of communes
lysenkoism
43
what is lysenkoism
centrealled farming methods
44
what percentage of the population were in communes
99%
45
how did communes work
SELF SUFFICIENT : each one produced their own food, industrial and consumer goods
46
what police like system was there in the communes and who were they
commune milita = 15-50 year old able bodied men
47
what happened to agricultural production in the communes
it fell
48
when was the four pests campaign
1958
49
what was the aim of the four pests campaign
rid china of sparrows, rats, mosquitos and flies to try to improve agricultural production
50
when was the first 5 year plan
1952-56
51
what was the focus of the first 5 year plan
heavy industry
52
what was the aim of the first 5 year plan
self sufficiency
53
was the first 5 year plan a success
for mao yes - targets achieved
for general people - no living standards fell
54
generally, what were the political aims of industrial reform
solidify com control
55
generally, what were the ideological aims of industrial reform
be an independent and respected state
56
generally, what were the economic aims of industrial reform
become an economic superpower
57
what soviet assisstance did china get in the first 5 year plan
loans, industrial experts, develop industrial enterprises
58
when was the sino-soviet mutual assistance treaty
feb 1950
59
what was the sino-soviet mutual assistance treaty
agreements between russia and china to provide eachother with economic support and general support
60
what loan did russia give china in the first 5 year plan
$300 million USD across 5 years
61
how many industrial experts did russia give china in the first 5 year plan
11,000
62
how many industrial enterprises did russia help china recondtruct
156
63
what was the growth rate from the first 5 year plan
16%
64
by how much did industrial output increase in the first 5 year plan
15%
65
what change was made to heavy industry output in the first 5 year plan
it nearly tripled
66
what change was there to the working class population in the first 5 year plan
from 6 to 10 million
67
when was the private sector industry abolished
1956
68
did the standard of living for workers improve under the first 5 year plan and why
yes because job security increased
69
what were the problems with the first 5 year plan
- dependent on USSR
- grain requisitioning
- agricultural output poor
- standard of living
70
what was the problem with china being dependent on the ussr in the first 5 year plan
dependent on loans with high interest rates meaning more expensive
71
what was the problem with grain requisitioning in the first 5 year plan
peasantry had very little food since had to sell grain at low prices to feed industry
72
what was the problem with argicultural output in the first 5 year plan
only increased 2.1% per year
73
what was the problem with standard of living from the first 5 year plan
little investment in improving healthcare and education
74
what is another name for the second 5 year plan
great leap forward GLF
75
when was the GLF
1958-1962
76
what was the focus of the GLF
mass participation and walking on two legs
77
what was walking on two legs
increasing agricultural and industrial production simultaneously
78
what were the successes of the GLF
- tiananmen square
- 3 gorges dam
- ideologically socialist system
- irrigation systems
79
what were the failures of the GLF
- backyard furnaces
- loss of soviet experts
- industrial production fell
80
why was the a lack of experts in the GLF
anti-rightist campaign had killed them all
81
how did industrial production change in the GLF
fell 40%
82
why were irrigation systems good in the GLF
increased land fertility
83
why was the rebuilding of tiananmen square good in the GLF
changed the face of capital cities
84
why was the building of the 3 gorges dam good in the GLF
represented the modernisation of china
85
why were the backyard furnaces a failure
poor quality steel was made which is useless and ended up and waste - it also made peasants stop focus on agriculture
86
in what way was mao overconfident with the GLF
believed sheer will of the people would overcome technical problems
87
how did the GLF lead to corruption in gov
ministers would set unreachable targets on their people to impress mao and advance their careers
88
by how much did agricultural output decrease during the GLF (1958-1961)
1958 = 200 million tonnes
1961 = 148 million tonnes
89
did the first 5 year plan centralise or decentralise the gov
decentralise
90
why did mao want to decentralise the gov in the first 5 year plan
to give cadres the freedom to unleash the potential of the masses who mao believed were china's greatest asset
91
why was the backyard furnaces a part of the GLF
the main method to get indust to 'leap forward' was to produce more steel
92
did mao introduce the backyard furnaces campagin straight away
no - started by increasing targets for steel
93
at what point did mao introduce the backyard furnaces campaign
when he realised the targets for steel production couldn't be reached through normal methods
94
in september 1958 what percentage of steel came from backyard furnaces
14%
95
in october 1958 what percentage of steel came from backyard furnaces
49%
96
how did the backyard furnaces campaign impact peasants normal activities
1/4 of the pop abandoned their normal activities
97
what actually was the backyard furnace campaign
every family was urged to construct a furnace and melt down their metal objects to produce steel
98
what impact did the backyard furnace campaign have on agri
unsustainable strain on food prod - schools had to close and shock brigades had to help the harvests
99
what were the shock brigades in the backyard furnace campaign
groups of individuals sent into the countryside to help gather the harvests
100
when was it realised by the gov that the backyard furnace campaign was not successful and what was their reaction
spring 1959 - cut back the campaign but didn't stop it
101
how did the backyard furnace campaign contribute to famine
harvests were left ungathered, harvested food was left rotting rather than being processed
102
what was the target for how much steel would be produced in 1958
10.7 million (raised from the target of 6 million at the start of the year)
103
what was mao's target for the increase in steel production for the GLF
quadruple it within 4 years
104
why did mao include construction projects in the GLF
believed sheer numbers of the masses could achieve the result without advanced machinery
105
why were irrigation systems a failure
disrupted drainage of the land leading to salinisation leading to less fertile land
106
what was the three gorge dam designed to do
control the flow of the yellow river and reduce silt deposits
107
why was the three gorge dam a failure
by 1961 there was twice as much silt deposit as before
108
what was the cause of the famine
1 - cadres claimed there was more grain than reality
2 - higher quotas for requisitioning
3 - gov bought it cheaply
4 - gov sold it/gave it away
109
what policy did mao introduce which worsened the famine
ordered that 1/3 of farmland shouldnt be used otherwise there would be too much to store
110
what did the gov do with the grain once they collected it
- trade it abroad
- sell it abroad
- feed the workers with it
111
when was the great famine
1958-1962
112
how many people died in the great famine
30-50 million
113
what was life like during the famine
- prostitution
- cannabalism
- kidnapping
- disease
114
how did the gov specifically target the tibetans during the famine
handed out even smaller rations
115
what environmental factor made the famine worse
typhoons and flooding in the south
116
why can mao be blamed for the famine
- memories of his terror campaigns caused the cadres actions
117
why can the cadres be blamed for the famine
- lied about true conditions which caused the problems - could've been honest
118
how did drought affect the famine
decreased the yellow river by 2/3 meaning surrounding crop land couldn't be maintained
119
during the famine what did the rural death rate increase by
before - 11 per 1000
after - 29 per 1000
120
when was the lushun conference
july 1959
121
what happened at the lushun conference
peng dehaui voiced doubts over record grain harvest - mao felt insulted and denounced him
122
what was the record grain harvest peng dehaui was referencing at the lushun conference
375 million tonnes
123
what happened to peng dehaui after the lushun conference
denounced and forced to move to beijing
124
who replaced peng dehaui
lin biao
125
who was peng dehaui
minister of defence
126
during mao's withdrawal from politics what did he admit about the backyard furnaces
they were a 'great catastrophe'
127
during mao's withdrawal from politics what did he admit about the communes
'the chaos was on a grand scale and i take responsibility'
128
who tookover from mao when he withdrew from gov
liu and deng
129
who was liu shaoqi
president
130
who was deng xiaoping
general secretary of the party
131
how did liu and deng ideologically change the party
pragmatism replaced ideologueism (utopianism)
132
when was the 7000 cadres meeting
jan 1962
133
who spoke at the 7000 cadres meeting
liu shaoqi
134
what did liu say at the 7000 cadres meeting
said the famine was 30% natural 70% manmade
135
what change did liu and deng make to the communes
peasants had to meet quotas but could produce what they wanted on private plots
136
what change did liu and deng make to the relationship between indust and agri
indust made equip to help agri
137
were liu and dengs reforms a success
yes
138
how were liu and dengs reforms a success in terms of agri prod
by 1965 levels = 1957
139
how were liu and dengs reforms a success in terms of private plots in communes
made the peasants more hard working
140
how were liu and dengs reforms a success in terms of the light industry
growth rate was 27% p.a
141
how were liu and dengs reforms a success in terms of heavy industry
growth rate 17% p.a.
142
how were liu and dengs reforms a success in terms of consumer goods prod
1965 = 2x levels of 1957
